How does Turkeys greater democratization influence the handling of the Cyprus dispute

Presentation The Cyprus issue has been a significant piece of Turkey’s political plan since 1974 with nationalistic estimations and security concerns commanding the talk about the issue. The significance of Cyprus to Turkey has stayed huge with Turkey reliably affirming its national advantages in Cyprus.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on How does Turkey’s more prominent democratization impact the treatment of the Cyprus debate? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the Turkish service of Foreign Affairs, â€Å"Cyprus is an issue including Turkey’s crucial national and key interests†1. The Turkish government has in this manner contributed huge measure of exertion and responsibility to the issue. All things considered, there have been critical changes in Turkey’s treatment of the Cyprus debate because of moves by Turkey towards more prominent democratization. These moves have essentially been because of progress towards EU enrollment by Turkey. Turkey has attempted generous changes to acclimate with the Copenhagen measures which are an essential to turning into an EU part state. Furthermore, Turkey has shown significant energy to settling the Cyprus strife. This paper will survey how Turkey’s more prominent democratization has and keeps on affecting the treatment of the Cyprus debate. This paper will talk about how Turkey’s more noteworthy democratization has affected the positive strides towards goals of the Cyprus debate. The paper will exhibit that by offering Turkey the chance of full-EU enrollment, the EU impelled significant changes in Turkey’s household and international strategy. Brief Historical Overview of Turkey Modern day Turkey follows its underlying foundations to the Ottoman Empire which was an amazing and significant player in the European state framework. This incredible element was finished after World War I and Istanbul was involved by Bri tish and French powers. Be that as it may, The Turks figured out how to pick up opportunity from European occupation under the 1920 Treaty of Sevres. The advanced Republic of Turkey was in this manner established in October 1923 and its current day fringes established.2 Turkey contrasts essentially from the other EU constituents in that it isn't Christian, doesn't share Europe’s Greco-Roman social and authentic legacy, and isn't geologically situated on the European continent3.Advertising Looking for exposition on worldwide relations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The core values of the new Turkish state were secularism and homogenous patriotism. The recently shaped Republic of Turkey was quick to raise itself into a modernized state. In this manner, from its introduction to the world, Turkey set out on a Westernization procedure in order to lift its status and improve its security both at home and abroad. The Cypr us Island was once under Turkish principle because of the victory of the Ottoman Empire in 1951. The Island was then rented to Britain however following the thrashing of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the island turned into a British settlement henceforth denoting a finish of the Turkish case. All things considered, there existed Turks on the Cyprus Island and subsequently Turkish enthusiasm for Cyprus proceeded. Another purpose behind this intrigue was on the grounds that Turkey saw Cyprus as deliberately found and thus of military centrality. The Cyprus Issue The contention between the two ethnic gatherings which dwell on the island of Cyprus: the Greek Cypriots and the Turkish Cypriots has been a significant piece of global legislative issues for almost 50 years. The Republic of Cyprus got worldwide legitimate remaining in 1960 through a trade off outcome haggled by the legislatures of the United Kingdom, Greece, and Turkey. Dominant part of the Greek Cypriots sought after an association of Cyprus with Greece while most of Turkish Cypriots bolstered the division of the island between the two homelands of Turkey and Greece. Under such an establishment, it was concurred that the underwriter powers (United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey) could legitimately meddle with the household issues of the recently framed province of Cyprus if conditions spun crazy. Significantly after its freedom, the Greek-Cypriot ruled Cyprus stayed an unpredictable area. Greco-Turkish clashes broke out in the new republic of Cyprus on 21 December 1963. These warding severed due to the absence of security for the Turkish components in the legislature. Thus, the association government which had been framed by the Greek and Turkish Cypriots broke down.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on How does Turkey’s more prominent democratization impact the treatment of the Cyprus question? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Turkey planed a hard and fast attack of Cyprus in 1964 yet the move was halted because of US conciliatory weight. Bury shared battling proceeded between the two ethnic gatherings and a heightening of this battling prompted the separate of the sacred request that had joined the Island. In the mid year of 1974, a Greek-roused overthrow on Cyprus prompted the intrusion by Turkey of the northern piece of the island. The Turkish military mediation on the island was done even with solid complaints and weight from Turkey’s key Western partners. This exhibits the importance that Cyprus holds to Turkey. The Turkish intercession of 1974 prompted a parceling of the island into two unmistakable zones: the northern Turkish and southern Greek. In result of this attack, Turk-Cypriots presently hold 40% of the island’s domain. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriots announced an autonomous Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) whose limits stretched out from the green line built up by the UN isolating northern and sout hern Cyprus. Be that as it may, Turkey is simply the main Nation which perceives this proclaimed state.. Endeavors have been made to attempt to settle the issue with the creation of Greece and Turkey without much of any result. The United Nation and European Union have likewise made endeavors to attempt to help the settling of the issue without much of any result. Turkey and Greece Relations Turkey’s relationship with Greece has an immediate bearing on its treatment of the Cyprus debate. Since the Turkish intrusion of Cyprus following the 1974 Cyprus emergencies, Greece viewed Turkey as a significant security danger. This was a direct result of the nearness for Greece to Turkey and the a lot littler populace of Greece when contrasted with Turkey. What's more, Turkey over and over dismissed Greece’s proposition for a two-sided non-utilization of power settlement. This was under the setting of Turkey slowly expanding her military capacities. The securing and sending of t he Russian s-300 enemy of airplane rocket framework by Cyprus lead to expand tension by Turkey over the aims of Greek-Cyprus. Greece-Turkey connections are of significant noteworthiness in Turkey’s EU enrollment objectives. Turkey has verifiably included an away from inside the EU as Greece. The ill will between these two states had filled in as a significant obstructing to Turkish office until 1999. This is on the grounds that regardless of whether Turkey were to meet all the conditions for enrollment to the EU, Greece would veto Turkey’s participation in the EU.Advertising Searching for exposition on worldwide relations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Relations among Turkey and Greece began to heat up during the Kosovo strife when the two governments recognized the requirement for improved connections. The cataclysmic tremors that hit Turkey and Greece in August and September 1999 further improved connections between the two countries. Greece’s quick response to the Turkish disaster changed the mind-set between the countries and brought about comparable great wiled responses by Turkey following the Greece seismic tremor. The two nations through official and private activities looked to lighten the predicament of tremor torn Greeks and Turks. Following this occasions, Greece acknowledged the conceding of EU up-and-comer status to Turkey in the December 1999 EU Summit. This was a stupendous advance since Greece had consistently been against Turkey’s desire to join the EU. Ker-Lindsay expresses that considering the faith in the intensity of the EU to change Turkey into a less undermining neighbor, Greece has since 1999 gotten one of the solid heroes of inevitable Turkish membership4. The Cyprus Dispute and Europeanization of Turkey The Europeanization procedure has helped Turkey’s aspirations to join EU since. This is on the grounds that Europeanization fundamentally suggested reception of a functioning methodology towards the Balkans and upholding the region’s inevitable joining into the structures of the European Union. Turkey’s desire to turn into a partner or full part in European organizations and the European Union specifically go as far back as the mid 1960s. These desire were best enunciated in 1987 when Turkey officially applied for admission to the European Community in April 1987. Right now, Turkey is a partner individual from the EU, and presently can't seem to acquiesce to the EU and become a full part. While political changes have been continuous since progress to regular citizen rule in 1983, their speed and extent has been catalyzed by the appointment for enrol lment and the beginning of promotion chats with the EU. A major motivating force for Turkey to join the EU was the gigantic monetary emergency that Turkey experienced somewhere in the range of 200 and 2001. This emergency was a significant power in moving changes towards EU participation. EU enrollment guaranteed critical material advantages and in when Turkey was encountering one of its more terrible financial emergencies, the potential advantages related with EU participation looked encouraging. From the very beginning

Sexual Harassment and Discrimination in the Milita Essay Example For Students

Lewd behavior and Discrimination in the Milita Essay ry Ladies in the U.S. military have consistently had an almost overwhelming undertaking; those ladies who truly got things started, opened entryways, and settled on the decision of a military vocation simpler for the individuals who followed, were the start. Today the battle is proceeding. Disparity and inappropriate behavior towards ladies keeps on persevering, in light of the fact that the militarys initiative when confronted with the choice with a bad reputation or equity overlooks equity. Ladies merit reasonable treatment, a non-threatening condition, and an opportunity to assist their vocations on an equivalent balance with man. The way that badgering, separation, and rapes are as yet happening in our regarded military in such numbers is shocking. The militarys in general treatment, absence of regard in taking care of lewd behavior allegations and the rehashed smoke screens of inappropriate behavior/ambush violations submitted by commanders is a national disrespect. In any case, we can just make reparation for past shameful acts, plan to keep them from happening once more, and expectation that tomorrow will be superior to yesterday. To improve tomorrow than yesterday The Uniform code of Military Justice needs a total upgraded. Last refreshed in 1983, the code is deficient with regards to any make reference to of the term lewd behavior. Thought this is a surprising acknowledgment to us regular citizens, it is complete typical for the military. Inappropriate behavior, however not referenced in the code, is a wrongdoing under Article 134; Article 134 is the trick the entirety of this countries military equity framework, an abridgment of 55 offenses that the military state are biased to acceptable request and order or liable to welcome ruin on the service(Gross-JusticeK). Article 134 sets up a very exclusive expectation of lead to keep up a systematic battling constrain and forestall maltreatment of intensity in a progressive framework where people live and cooperate 24 hours every day. Inappropriate behavior is an offense submitted by the two females and guys in arranged measures; it is predominately dedicated by guys against females. It can happen in an assortment of circumstancesKsome models include: sexual affront, whistling, heckles, pressure for sexual action, seeing girly magazines and pinching(FactsK). Simply, lewd behavior is any undesirable and unwanted conduct of a sexual sort that makes a threatening workplace; normally occupied with by colleague or boss, which renders the work environment air scary, hostile and can/will meddle with work execution and gathering attachment. Lewd behavior is a significant issue and ought not be messed with; then again, it ought not be removed from control either(FactsK). The military is brimming with political accuracy. Troopers and officials continually need to watch what they state. For example, a typical line heard depicting this environment of political accuracy is, I cannot converse with this other individual if this other individual is of an alternate culture or an alternate sex. Im entirely awkward. This is typically the situation since what is badgering to one individual is a joke to another. Womens encounters with imbalance have been like those of dark men; their coordination into the military has additionally contrasted in a few different ways. In view of our societys major conviction that doing battle is a keeps an eye on work, men from minority bunches have frequently been acknowledged more promptly in the military than ladies. Ladies have been seen as pariahs in this male condition. Segregation and badgering happens for ladies since they are entering an all male ruled territory. A few zones are as yet confined as a result of it. For instance: serving in direct battle limits, for example, infantry, and Special ForcesXis restricted to men. Despite the fact that this strategy is objective considering one, the physical impediment of ladies; and two, the picture of sending ladies home in body packs, which no U.S. congressperson needs also assume praise for. All things being equal, this sexual orientation predisposition is an oppressive strategy, and a restricting of chances for ladies. On the off chance that ladies dont get similar chances to go out and contend, as men do, at that point theyll have a substantially less possibility of arriving at a senior authority position (commanders); which are typically drawn from battle solidified/experienced officials (Baxter). By blocking ladies from the center elements of the military, they characterize ladies as minimal assistance individuals, in this manner cultivating inappropriate behavior and discrimination(Tailhook Incident 92). .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .postImageUrl , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:hover , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:visited , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:active { border:0!important; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:active , .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc7 eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc7eb0478209b1d64957af9fc68c5a623:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Patriot Act Analysis Essay In 1994, the yearly Navy wide Personnel Survey .

Finding the Right Essay Topic

Finding the Right Essay TopicThere are a lot of profile essay topics out there and most of them are not relevant to your situation. To make it easier for you to choose the right essay topic, here are a few tips for the best essay topic choices.Essays are very different than your average personal essay. Writing an essay is challenging enough and yet it requires more of an attention to detail when doing it. In other words, if you have never been able to complete an essay on your own before, then you should try it again.You can do your own online research and look for ideas that you can put to use in this situation. As a rule of thumb, you need to make sure that the essay topic that you choose matches your personality. If it doesn't, then you should look for a topic that will fit your personality and situation.Before you start looking for profile essay topics, you need to know what kind of person you are. This will help you make the right decisions when choosing a topic. For example, if you are a little timid, you should pick an essay topic that is somewhat personal, one that will allow you to put yourself in a good light. If you are shy, you should choose a topic that is more fun or more light-hearted.Another tip for finding a good essay topic is to first know what the audience is for the essay. If you are doing it to help a large audience, then it may be best to choose a general topic for the essay.If you are doing it to make a personal essay, then choose a more specialized topic. Make sure that the general idea of the essay matches the topic that you chose and that you know the types of people who will be reading it.Even if you think you know the type of people who will be reading the essay, you still have to find out what the interest group is before you start looking for an essay topic. This will help you narrow down your search and narrow down your list of options.Remember that finding an essay topic can be hard, especially if you are a beginner. The tips li sted here will help you start looking for the right essay topic so that you can get started right away.

Analysis Of The Movie The Things They Carried

The Actual War Scenario - Vietnam War The Things They Carried, is a novel based on the Vietnam War, and the book reveals the truth of the war as the author remembers the war after twenty one years and snows his guilt and emotions for the war. The Things They Carried, belongs high on the list of the best fiction about any war... crystallizes the Vietnam experiences for everyone and exposes the nature of all war stories.( New York Times, Book of the Century). Tim O Brien, the author of the book is both the narrator and the protagonist of the book. As, he himself is present in the war and also tells different stories told by the member of the alpha company. O Brien use of storytelling along with theme is the part of the book which makes it more realistic and effective, which is the ultimate point and purpose of the author. O Brien believes that stories have immense power, they gain the attention of the audience and allows them to confront and face with the situation together and share the experience. Telling stories returns to narrative. For example, Mitchell Sanders the resident of the Alpha company and the storyteller tells story consisting of myths to the specifics. The hearing of a sound in the jungle and shooting in own foot by Rat Kiley, contends that truth and morality in a war story have little to do with accuracy. Rat was not a reliable narrator and he cared for making the story alive and making readers feel to be present when theShow MoreRelatedA Few Good Men Legal Analysis796 Words   |  4 PagesMen Legal Analysis - Aakriti Gera A Few Good Men is a 1992 American legal drama directed by Rob Reiner. The story follows the court-martial of two U.S. Marines, who are charged with the murder of a fellow marine and the problems faced by the lawyers, of the accused, while preparing their defenses. The Marines are on a murder trial for carrying out a â€Å"code red† order. The movie refers to â€Å"code red† as a type of extrajudicial punishment used for an alleged crime or offense, which is carried out withoutRead MoreSankofa Film Analysis956 Words   |  4 PagesSankofa Film Analysis Who is Haile Germia? Haile Germia is an Ethiopian filmmaker, film director, screenwriter who was born March 4, 1946 and raised in Gondar, Ethiopia who now lives in the United States. He immigrated here to the United States in 1968 to pursue acting, and enrolled in the Goodman School of Drama located in Chicago. He is best known for his film Sankofa which raised a lot of awareness to the African American community. 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Analysis Of The Movie Paisan - 973 Words

Paisan is a revolutionary, documentary-style film, consisting of six separate but seemingly related episodes. Director Roberto Rossellini uses this film to portray the drastic consequences of war on a nation, the people, and overall society. Neorealism was a pivotal movement, and Paisan brought attention to the Fascist influence by showing the harsh economic and social reality of World War II. Rossellini also uses Paisan to allude to regionalism and the importance of a unified nation. Paisan exposes a fundamental truth and emphasizes a need for reconstruction through the use of a complex setting, elements of humanity, and reoccurring themes of revival. Each episode is set in a different geographic region, all feeling the intricacy and†¦show more content†¦Throughout each episode there is vivid pictures of ruins. This representation shows the mass destruction resulting from war, as well as the lasting effect on humanity. The first episode takes place south of Sicily as an American soldier, Joe, and an Italian teenager, Carmela, try to communicate after Carmela safely led a group of American soldiers. At one point, Joe and Carmela are alone and struggling to converse because of the language barrier. They do not understand each other’s ways and dialect. Joe and Carmela end up bonding as Joe speaks of loneliness and homesickness, demonstrating a connection aspect between varying cultures. This feature of communication is broken when violence interferes and Joe is killed. Carmela shows obvious sorrow over the loss, displaying realism and progressing the relationship between Italians and Americans. This episode introduces a multitude of themes that present themselves again later in Paisan. Joe and Carmela’s language barrier is an effort at a mutual understanding and interaction between Italians and Americans. As an opening episode, this scene shows a level of vivid reality and brings awarene ss to humanity. Rossellini leaves room in each episode for individual interpretation, sympathy, and revivalist connections. By showing ruins and killings in different episodes, Rossellini highlights liberation and injustice while offering an opportunity for audience

Aristotle s Idea Of The Highest Good - 1309 Words

In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle states his idea of the highest good. In his mind, the highest good is happiness, and to achieve it we must be entirely virtuous. There are many different existing views of what happiness consists of, but Aristotle believes that humans are entirely happy when acting in accordance with reason, as well as acting morally and intellectually virtuous. This means that in order to be entirely happy in life, we must understand, obey, and follow what we define as good acts. The formula for happiness is not a simple thing: it consists of more than just being morally good. Happiness can be achieved through many different methods, not just the ones that Aristotle addresses in Nicomachean Ethics. It can branch from physical or emotional feelings, animals can experience it, and so can children, despite what Aristotle says. The journey toward happiness varies from person to person, but it is certainly capable for any given person to achieve happiness in life. There are many different was to achieve complete happiness, and each method differs from person to person. Aristotle suggested that the typical human’s initial idea of happiness revolves around sensuality, materialistic wants, and honours. He stated that this idea of achieving happiness is â€Å"vulgar†, â€Å"slavish in†¦tastes, [living a life] suitable for beasts† (Nicomachean Ethics), proposing that this way of living was barbaric and not suited for modern human beings. There are different aspects ofShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Highest Good Theorem1037 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle’s Highest Good Theorem When Aristotle first published his work entitled â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†, you can imagine that numerous philosophers, scholars, and ordinary citizens were deeply contemplating his idea of the Highest Good Through the actions of virtue and reason, the act contemplation satisfies Aristotle’s characteristics as the Highest Good Being a self-sufficient, and complete activity, the ability to understand our function as human beings through contemplation achieves the Highest GoodRead MoreComparing Dante And Aquinas On Happiness1377 Words   |  6 Pagescontinued use of Aristotle virtues would not land any of their followers in heaven. To increase chances of one entering heaven, Dante and Aquinas developed proposed the incorporation of hope, faith, and charity into the daily virtues that people possess. 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This essay intends to discuss Aristotle s view of politics through the way in which he layers the fundamental concept of hierarchy of humans and natural societies to show that man by nature works for the common good. I will also discuss the conflicting views between the works of both Aristotle and Hobbes in orderRead MoreAristotle on Happiness and Virtue Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagessociety?’(Bessant, 2009). Similar questions were greatly discussed in the history by our ancestors in their philosophical discussions. The most ancient and long-lasting literature on moral principles and ethics were described by Greek philosopher Aristotle. He had an exc ellent command on various subjects ranging from sciences to mathematics and philosophy. He was also a student of a famous philosopher. His most important study on ethics, personal morality and virtues is ‘The Nicomachean Ethics’, whichRead MoreContemporary Civilizations : An Essential Part Of An Individual s Highest Level Of Achievement1461 Words   |  6 PagesContemporary Civilizations is a course intended to provoke conversation and thought on an individual’s role in a community. We see this premise outlined in Columbia University s description of the course, which states, â€Å"the central purpose of Contemporary Civilization is to introduce students to a range of issues concerning the kinds of communities ... that human beings construct for themselves† (Contemporary Civilizations Home Page). While analyzing the types of communities different texts discussRead MoreAristotle s Views On Happiness1505 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle argues that the most important thing in peoples lives is the virtue of happiness. He writes that one attains happiness by living a life of virtue - our definition is in harmony with those who say that happiness is virtue, or a particular virtue; because an activity in accordance with virtue implies virtue. Indeed, we may go further and assert that anyone who does not delight in fine actions is not even a good man.(Aristotle) A life of virtue implies a life of reasoning for the end goal

Preston Tucker free essay sample

This paper describes the life and business of Preston Tucker This paper is about Preston Tucker: his life details, his products and his company. It also describes his dreams, as depicted in the movie Tucker and how he embraces the entrepreneurial aspects of American business. From the paper: Preston Tucker was a car salesman and inventor. Anticipating WW II, he created a high-speed armored car with a gun on a turret. The army thought that the car was too fast but loved the turret, confiscated the patents and used them during the war. Tucker was given contracts to build turrets for bombers and made his fortune. Tucker dreamed of building a passenger car with innovations such as seat belts, disk brakes, rear engine, safety glass, pop-out windshields, a fully automatic transmission, and self-correcting headlights. The car that he designed and produced was ahead of its time in terms of safety and performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Preston Tucker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

In The Play, Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller, Linda Lomans Chara

In the play, Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, Linda Loman's character is viewed differently by many people. Some critics have seen Linda as a "controlling mother figure" who is actually the one to blame for this failure of both her sons and her husband. In this report I will defend this view citing specific examples from the play. Linda was undoubtedly the only one in control throughout the play. I believe that Linda tried to be a good mother and wife but she did not really know what she was doing. At the very beginning of the book we see that Willy, on his way to Boston, has come home because he was unable to concentrate on the road. And just as he was beginning to figure out why, she took his mind off the subject by suggesting that the problem was with the car's steering and not with him. "Oh. Maybe it's the steering again. I don't think Angelo knows the Studebaker.". And again: "Maybe it's your glasses. You never went for your new glasses.". By repeatedly doing this throughout the play Linda keeps Willy from facing the truth about himself. Also Linda gives Willy undeserved compliments, agreeing with him on his looks and ambition.; meanwhile, he has no true ambition. This causes Willy to build himself up into a great man. Another example of this is when Willy goes to see Howard Wagner about getting a job at home or at least close to home. While we realize how unlikely it is that Willy will get his wish, Willy does not realize this and Linda, who I believe is smart enough to realize it, supports Willy in excitement. Willy isn't the only one that Linda has affected. There is also Biff and Happy. Willy had taught Biff and Happy that if you were handsome, opportunity would come to you. Now while that doesn't have anything to do with Linda, she never challenged what Willy taught them; she simply agreed with everything that Willy said. Linda is able to manipulate Willy, by making his ideas seem greater by giving them her full support. An example of this, similar to what happened with Willy and Howard Wagner, is when Biff goes to see Bill Oliver about a job. The two of them have not seen each other in twenty years and when they did know each other Bill Oliver did not know Biff too well. Despite this, Willy thought Bill would recognize Biff and offer him a job on the spot. Hearing this Linda did not challenge Willy; she actually tried to quietly support him even though I felt she knew Biff would not be successful. During the majority of the play Linda hides her true self and contently agrees with Willy on most subjects. This makes it difficult to figure out what she is really thinking. Toward the end when Biff and Happy come home after leaving Willy at the restaurant, Linda drops her false personality and shows how she really feels. She explodes at her two sons for leaving their father alone at the restaurant during one of his fantasies. She places all blame on the two of them for Willy becoming the way he is. In actuality, it is Linda's own fault that Willy has become what he is. She has compounded this by also causing her two sons to turn out the way they did. In this report, I have defended the belief that Linda is a "controlling mother figure" who is actually the one to blame for the failure of her sons and of her husband. In the play Linda listens to what Willy has to say and never stops him even though she knows what he says is wrong. This play is really about how Linda Loman has caused her husband to go insane and corrupted the minds of her children.

Change management in McDonalds The WritePass Journal

Change management in McDonalds Introduction Change management in McDonalds IntroductionOverview of the companyScope of changeProblems in implementing changeRecommendationsConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction Change management can be defined as ‘the process of continually renewing an organisation’s direction, structure, and capabilities to serve the ever changing needs to external and internal customers’ (Moran and Brightman, 2001).   As per Burnes (2004) change is a feature which is always present in the life of organisation. It exist both at operational and strategic level. The organisation is aware about where the change is required and is fully capable of planning and implementing these changes in its structure .According to Burnes 2004; Rieley and Clarkson, 2001, the organisations strategy and organisational strategies are something which goes hand in hand and cannot be separated. In the words of Graetz, 2000, ‘Against a backdrop of increasing globalisation, deregulation, the rapid pace of technological innovation, a growing knowledge of workforce, and shifting social and demographic trends, few would dispute that the primary   task of   management tod ay   is leadership of organisational change.’ In early times the theories believed that if the organisation keeps changing management system then it can no longer run effectively nor can it make any improvement in performance (Rieley and Clarkson, 2001). It was believed that the company had to bring new management theory into routine in order to achieve efficiency and improvement in the performance. This Means that an organisation has to give ample time for a particular change to be adopted and settle down in daily routine so that it can be run in efficient manner (Luecke, 2003).However in today’s time It is believed that staff of the organisation should go through continuous change to achieve efficiency (burnes, 2004; Rieley and Clarkson, 2001) According to Grundy, 1993 ‘change which is marked by rapid shifts in strategy, structure or culture, or in all three.’ Senior, 2002 adds to it saying that this kind of sudden change or implementation can be caused only due to malfunctioning of the internal structure or it can be caused due to external pressure. Every organisation is looking to move forward by implanting a management system with will boost organisations strength and capability, enhancing its competitiveness. An organisation has to deal with unforeseen situations in today’s highly competitive environment and to deal with this it has to be more flexible and ready for any situational changes that it will have to make, like adoption of new technology or some latest development in theory for current market. In the fast moving economic environment there continuous changes in the type of technology, the way the product is marketed, trends etc. the organisation has to be more flexible to adopt changes in order to remain competitive in the global market. Change can be good in a way; it can make complex work very simple and helps to improve lives through new innovations. Organisations bring change in their working structures to be more competitive and providing the best to their customers. As per Carlpio (1998) change is something to do with implementation of new innovative ways of doing things, enabling the room for improvement in the system through practice. Number of changes can be introduced in the system but the one which brings success to the organisation is considered to be the most important one of all. A change in management system is important specially when a particular system which the running organisation is facing difficulties or has some problems with it. Changes are brought in to improve the organisations performance.   Changes are mostly brought due to forces which can be internal or external yee, 1998.   Changes can be brought at different level of an organisation (Swenson, 1997) The modification needed or which can be done maybe many or quite a few (Reigeluth, 1994). There could be various factors for change (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). Change can be either internal or external. External include new technology which is current requirement of the industry or trend in the current economy which may have direct impact on profitability of the business. A structured method of change was adopted in 1946 by Lewin (Bamford and Forrester, 2003) what lewin had to say was something different than the old theories, he mentioned that in order to apply any new theory or change management an organisation will have to first discard it’s old management structure or system. Management of changes pays a role in identifying objectives of the organisation and then sets goals accordingly. Its role is to implement new changes in the organisation in which it can be noticed that these changes ultimately bring innovations. The first step towards organisational change is to understand the requirements of the organisation and issues with the current management structure. The purpose of the paper is to provide insight of change management process in the chosen company which is McDonalds and provide solution and recommendation for the same. Overview of the company McDonalds is a company with mile stones of success which was started in 1954 by Ray Kroc as a burger shop which was then turned through extensive marketing planning and campaigning making it a global brands in today’s time. It is renowned fast food brands all over the world with more than 32,000 branches in 117 countries. McDonald’s trade mark was a carefully created and was a successful hit which was a clown with a smile. The big Mac is one of the most successful products of McDonalds. McDonalds offers a menu which is almost the same all cross the world. The menu includes burgers, hamburgers, cheese burgers and drinks include soft drinks with fries. McDonalds target customers includes kids, teens and families. It is now the most renowned brand in fast food that sells ready to eat and quickly served fast food. In spite of being a famous brand McDonalds is still facing some issue and needs to change its management structure and image as the people in current time have a bit different expectations then those in previous days (McDonalds 2010) In today’s time people have become more diet and health conscious and are now moving towards food which is healthy and has more nutritional values. Fast food has always been known as junk food with no nutritional value and the popular opinion was that fast food results into obesity by increasing fats in the body. Today’s generation is more figure conscious and are looking forward for food which is low fat and high in proteins. McDonalds is facing problems as it is a well established fast food brand and fast food is always related to unhealthy and fattening food, while competitors of McDonalds have already made a move towards health conscious products by introducing entire new range which is healthy and non fattening. McDonalds needs to change the way it markets itself and also need to introduce a new line of products, as per expectations of new generation’s customers. Scope of change Advertising and marketing places an important role in establishing an image of the company in the eyes of the society in which it operates. The scope of change widely lies in the implementation of integrated marketing strategy. In this paper the importance is given to marketing and advertisement part as to launch new range of healthy products, the company has to implement new marketing practises. The new marketing campaign will adopt a new health conscious process which will flow along with a trend of fitting with health related issues like obesity in young children’s and create awareness about health eating practises. The main objective of this campaign is to promote its new products which are healthy and contains low fats. This will help create positive image of McDonalds among the customers and make them aware of new products which are healthier than the earlier once. To execute these plans the company has to plan its new strategy of advertising and marketing ideas and put a team in place to implement this strategy. The company has also introduced new smoothes and shakes along with healthy breakfast which is available before 12 in all the branches in UK. The marketing integrated campaigns main aim to reflect company mission and new attitude is been seen by the public through companies new promotion and marketing plans. Problems in implementing change When implementing change, conflicts will always follow. There are always conflicts on the route towards changes either before or after it has been initiated. Change in management can be the reason to bring success or failure to an organisation; however conflicts can bring problems if there are not resolved in time as they can bring obstacles in the new management structure introduced. The management has to be aware that it should be capable of not only introducing necessary changes but also be able to implement them effectively clearing all the obstacles. The main reason to bring changes in the organisation structure especially through marketing campaign is to improve the image of the organisation and to make the company more competitive in its industry.   The company might have to face many obstacles in doing this and these obstacles can be both external and internal. It is important to know the consent of the stakeholders of the organisation as they are very important part of the organisation. Stake holders include share holders, customers, supplier and employees. It is important for an organisation to keep all its stakeholders happy because if they are happy then it’s beneficial for the organisation. But there will conflict due to changes as there will be resistance from the side of employees or customers themselves as often people resist changing. There may be employees or customers who would accept the change happily but the problem is with those who do not agree with new management system which is to be implemented. Most of the time they may think that the change which has been brought is nothing to do with the issue or it may worsen the situations. I it may also happen that within employees they might not trust people who are in charge of this new change. Employees are not the only one who creates obstacles for change sometimes even the customers are not ready for change. If they do not take to change positively then this may create issue for the company to achieve its goal for the change. Along with this another problem that McDonalds may face is finding the right staff to drive this change that will be responsible to deliver these changes in department of marketing and communication. In addition to from employees and customer’s resistance there can be other barriers this may affect the process of change. The strategic implementation is important part of changes; complications in this can be problematic for the company. There can be many other issues which can create barriers in changes such as conflict in view of share holders or the problem in finance and lack of budget of the company another problem can be sustaining the process of change. As per carlopio 1998 innovation is something that does not happen in a day it takes series of phases to finish the process of change. Staff involved in this change management process must undergo some kind of training and learning procedure to make them competent to sustain the series of change until it attains success. Inability to handle or lack of experience and knowledge in implementation of strategic change may not be able to achieve integrated marketing and communication strategies. So to overcome the problem of negative response the management of the company should make the staff go through necessary training and development programmes. The training programme should be such that it should provide complete understanding of the programme to the members of the staff. It should make sure that none of the information is missed in the training programme. After the programme there should be a follow up to check if all the members have understood and have sufficient information to support change. There can be internal conflicts between the members of the staff due to cultural issues. This bring problem in harmony of the members in the organisation, leading to conflict within the company. McDonalds must understand the cultures of its employees and should identify the problem that may be caused because of the conflicts if any (wikins and Dyer, 1998) McDonalds should incorporate governance in the system to enhance the quality of staff and the time spent by them at the work place. Different appraisal policies can help to boost employees. Working environment can also be improved so that staff members can have a good time while working for the company which at the same time also benefits the organisation. Strong organisation culture along with good management team is needed to solve such internal conflict issues. The second most important change is to sustain the success that had been achieved through implementation of new management process. Change is part of the society and it comes again in regular interval of time (Carlopio, 1998). For the success of change management it is important that all the stakeholders know or are made aware that current change has been brought for the betterment of them. The management of the organisation should constantly analyse the current market trends and predict future scenarios, so that it can prepare itself for next set of change that will be required for the success of the organisation. Recommendations The success of the new changes in management cannot be correctly predicted as it completely depends on the attitudes of the young generation and the society. Changing the image from fast seller to a company who provides healthy meal is not a easy process, but with strong marketing campaigns and advertisement the message can be sent to people and there is a chance that this message will be delivered. It is imperative that the new image of McDonalds reaches all 117 countries. After this message has been promoted there is a chance of getting rid of the critic’s comments that McDonalds brands have unhealthy and fattening. In other words innovation can be explained as a bunch or new ideas which have been successfully implemented (Kuhn, 1993). Innovation can be led by two factors which is technology based innovation and the second one is demand based innovation. However most of the innovations are charged up realisation of demand instead of technology. Changes are mainly driven by constant research and development, performed by companies and RD is given a lot of attention. Apart from RD there can be other ways of bringing innovation and one of the simplest ways to keep improving working practises while in the daily routine. Combination of knowledge and extensive work experience can help to innovate a new a better way of doing things. Radical innovation always come from the RD department of the company but innovations which are incremental can only come from through practice (Lundvall, 1992). McDonalds will have to plan and implement its new marketing campaigns effectively with effective ways of doing it. The company has to take care that its internal staff is competent in delivering the outcome and that is minimum resistance from the internally. There is a good chance that McDonalds can change its image in food industry from junk food supplier to a health conscious meal provider.    Conclusion As per beverage 2003, the management of the organisation has to be on toss all the time to keep the organisation up to the market expectation. They have to continuously analyse and monitor current market conditions so that that they are aware of the current standing of the company in the market. To bring innovation the management will have to keep a check on which ideas are working and which are not doing well when implemented and accordingly change the management structure. To implement a management change the leader must create a environment which is safe and will support new changes in the organisation. A above all It can be said that a change in management is good only if that particular change has potential to improve companies competitiveness in the market and bring more success to the organisation. The organisation should keep monitoring current situations and make changes only if it is felt necessary, as change in organisation is a complex decision and has direct impact on the image of the organisation. With proper care and preparation and organisation (McDonalds) can survive the toughest competition. References Carlopio, J., (1998), â€Å"Implementation: making workplace and technical change happen†, McGraw-hill publication, Sydney. Yee, J.A., (1998), â€Å" Forces motivating institutional reform†, ericdigests.org/1999-1/reform.html. Accessed March 2011. Swenson, D.X., (1997), â€Å"Requisite conditions for team empowerment†, empowerment in organisations, Vol. 5 No. 1 Reigeluth, C. M. (1994). The imperative for systemic change. In C. M. Reigeluth R. J. Garfinkle (Eds.), Systemic change in education (pp. 3-11). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. Wilkins, A., Dyer, W. Jr (1988), Toward culturally sensitive theories of cultural change,  Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13. Kuhn, R.L., Ed., (1993), â€Å"Generating Creativity and Innovation in Large Bureaucracies†, Quorum Books, London Lundvall, B. A.,   (1992), â€Å" National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive learning†, Pinter, London. Beverage, w. M., (2002), â€Å"slow change in fast culture†, Educause review, pp. 10-11. Moran, J. W. and Brightman, B. K. (2001) ‘Leading organizational change’, Career Development International, 6(2), pp. 111–118. Burnes, B. (2004) Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics, 4th edn (Harlow: Prentice Hall). Rieley, J. B. and Clarkson, I. (2001) ‘The impact of change on performance’, Journal of Change Management, 2(2), pp. 160–172. Graetz, F. (2000) ‘Strategic change leadership’, Management Decision, 38(8), pp. 550–562. Luecke, R. (2003), â€Å" Managing Change and Transition†,   Harvard Business School Press, Boston Burnes, B. (2004) Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics, 4th edn (Harlow: Prentice Hall). Bamford, D. R. and Forrester, P. L. (2003) ‘Managing planned and emergent change within an operations management environment’, International Journal of Operations Production Management, issue 23, Vol. 5 McDonalds, (2010), â€Å"about McDonalds†, aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd, viewed on 5th march 2011.

A streetcar named desire Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A streetcar named desire - Movie Review Example In fact, this led to stoppage of production for the older version that had been edited, since the film had been converted into two-television movie and an opera (McCarthy, 2011). There are efforts made by produces and movie studio aimed at making this film a blockbuster during the summer of 1949, thereby focused on Broadway production in month of December 1949 (McCarthy, 2011). Therefore, some of other cinematic changes made on the film were censorship approvals that led to the film becoming a failure and subject to artistic mockery. The other changes involved setting the first scene; for example in the original text, Blanche’s was nervously waiting for her to arrive, while in film her sister ventures down to bowling alley in order to find her sister (McCarthy, 2011). Therefore, these changes were a form of expanding the settings of the scene in a way that would increase viewers’ image regarding characters environment. Besides, this would also give the viewers glimpses in to characters lives, thereby avoiding perception that they are group of players. These changes were made in order to convert the play into a film through Motion Picture Production Code of time. On the other hand, there were other changes made in order to reduce the level of sexuality that had to be changed in order to facilitate approval of the film in regions dominated by a powerful Roman Catholic Church group and Legion of Decency in America (McCarthy, 2011). Apparently, these alterations were meant to impose business impact would lead to satisfaction. There were other changes made due to objections, for instance in 1993, there was a restoration of this film after changes were made on the original version in Legion that had been disbanded (McCarthy, 2011). There were other changes made in order to prevent certain characters such as Blanche, from portraying their frenetic nature of decency into maelstrom of madness. Furthermore, changes made on scene settings were aimed at increasing

Histhopathological change in human cerebellum in motor neuron disease Literature review

Histhopathological change in human cerebellum in motor neuron disease patients - Literature review Example In most brain functions, the motor controls are crossed such that the right motor cortex controls the left side of the body while the left motor cortex controls the right side of the body. The axons of the neurons in these cortexes must therefore split into two at some point during their decline into the spinal cord in order to shift sides. The splitting of the axons takes place at the junction between the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. It is this crossover that will lead to paralysis on one side of the body when the other side of the brain ends up with stroke or injuries. The cerebellum is connected and joined to the brain by three peduncles and divided into three parts including vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum. It contains much cortex which is very much folded and whose interior matter is enclosed in a white substance and has cerebellar nuclei. It is not easy to define which parts of the cerebral cortex are motor in nature, however there are various cortical regions where if stimulated leads to movement. The three parts of the cerebellum are responsible for the regulation of reflexes and equilibrium control as well as motor sequences programming. Besides this, they plan and start all voluntary movements in the body. The infection of the cerebellum will ultimately cause motor symptoms. The cerebellar disease produces various symptoms depending on the parts. The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are responsible for limp movement control. The midline of the cerebellum also referred to the vermis is responsible for movements of the eye, voice control and axial functions. The vestibulocerebellum controls vestibular functions. Therefore the damage to the lateral hemispheres causes tremor symptoms which are rhythmic are mainly on voluntary movements. Injuries on the vermis cause effects on the axial motor. This can be seen through defections in the head and trunk or problems in the eye movements or with

Strategies Of Internationalization In Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

Strategies Of Internationalization In Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Introduction to the Hospitality Industry The hospitality industry consists of wide category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation and tourism industry. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or even an enjoyment park consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, etc.), management, marketing, and human resources. The hospitality industry covers a wide range of organizations offering food service and accommodation. The industry is divided into sectors according to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include accommodation, food and beverage, meeting and events, gaming, entertainment and recreation, tourism services, and visitor information. Hospitality industries that profitably cater to the needs of customers better than the competition are more likely able to sustain competitive advantage over time.   Catering to customer needs is dominant to delivering desirable levels of customer satisfaction in the tourism industry.   The formula for executing this task is particularly fragile in tourism because of the heterogeneous and simultaneous nature of service production and consumption.   Tourism experiences are rarely, if ever, delivered without in-depth employee-customer interactions.   Thus, tourism experiences are people-intensive on both sides of the service fence.   Additionally, tourists tend to have higher expectations for hospitality and overall levels of service quality because their context is typically more emotionally charged.   An empowered workforce is a secret to success in these unique area employees who are inspired and enabled to make meaningful and suitable decisions close to customers in order to take care of important customer needs.   Internationalization is described as the process of expanding firm activities beyond the borders of its domestic markets. Historically, the primary motivation for internationalization among firms was the need to become more efficient. Efficiency in the context of the post-industrial revolution era is achieved when a firm becomes larger and thus generates economies of scale. Many firms searched for and found attractive markets in countries with higher market growth rates, developing consumer consumption, and growing discretionary income. Strategies of internationalization in hospitality industry There are several strategies of internationalization to gain more customer satisfaction n with effectively and efficiently. The development of computer technology, communication technology, and new means of transportation all served as vital enabling forces to internationalization. Today, internationalization has become one of the key concern of firms As barriers to international trade fall down in many parts of the world, managers become aware of new opportunities in an ever-changing global environment. For example, a uniform currency (the euro) is gaining a leading position within the European market, Eastern European markets are developing rapidly, Asian markets are opening to the world, and the world business population has reached the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). International firms that consider all the elements in the geographic destination develop different strategies for each geographical market, each specially tailored for the specific market. Eg: In the area of express delivery services, Federal Express (FedEx) dominates the market in the Americas, yet in other markets, such as Europe, FedEx is not successful, and the market is dominated by DHL. Franchising agreements in which a franchiser grants a licensed privilege to a franchisee to do business. This may include permission to use a brand name, products, operating systems, central reservation systems, and more. Franchising is used by Hilton International as a component of its international strategy Management contracts in which management is separated from ownership, where a company can contract the management of its overseas operation to a management team in return for a fee. For a example: Sodehxo is one of the examples of a management contract company in the industry. Strategic alliances in which a connection or a partnership forms between two or more companies that can assistance from greater market coverage, economies of scope or scale, enlarged visibility for the brand name or minimized capital investment. One such example is the strategic alliance between Accor and the Japanese Hokke Group Joint venture, in which the multinational firm provides a partial equity stake to local businesses in order to secure their commitment to the agreement. Accor is actively involved in joint ventures in different Asian markets such as Korea, Vietnam, and Malaysia. Call Center Service Recovery means Telephone based customer service is the largest customer services channel in both North America, and Europe (The Editors 2007).   Call centers customer service volume is higher than electronic mail support service.Despite this lack of acknowledgement from call centers, there is a gap between the service provided and customer expectations. The Green strategy means industry perceptions and perspectives as a new market -driven business focus for gaining competitive advantages.All businesses no matter how benign or smart their operations are create some level of environmental harm. These impacts can be minimized or controlled by a adopting a well articulated firm-level green strategy. This require to green should not just be to address companywide environmental challenge but also a proactive strategy to stay on the right side of the regulation and for profitability. Issues and impacts of internationalization on hospitality industry Issues and impacts bring together the latest developments in international hospitality operations with the current management principles. It provides a truly international viewpoint on the hospitality and tourism industries and provides a fresh insight into hospitality and tourism management. Internationalization is a major trend for todays organizations. The services sector is also unquestionably becoming increasingly international in scope. A rapid Internationalization of world economy during the 1990s has increased the opportunities to export services and services are now the fastest growing part of international trade. Accelerated by their desire for growth and profit, incentives provided by the host governments, and a freer flow of capital throughout the world, hospitality organizations have discovered that their future survival and growth depend upon extending their services around the world. The hospitality industry is thus at the very core of international business. Hospitality companies therefore need to consider the implications of the global context in which they drive and must be prepared to address the questions that occur from this rapid changing environment. The Internationalization of business and lifestyles is characterized by communicating over huge distances in foreign languages, frequent travel to overseas countries, dealing in many currencies, and coping with a range of political and social systems, regulatory environments, cultures and customs. While these aspects of Internationalization of are easy to identify, understanding the underlying current and future trends can be analysis, however, reveals that a number of issues are reshaping the Internationalization hospitality industry, although there are clearly some complex questions that are still to be resolved: International spreading out with general product and brand position; Sales and marketing programs that fully capture global economies of scale; Organizational structures that tolerate delivery of services with local operational control; Cross-border employee training to support operations; and Use of the world capital markets as sources of funding. The Positive Impacts of Internationalization on the hospitality industry; 1. Exposure to different cultures: Due to the internationalization of the managers of hospitality industry, they would be able to gain knowledge of different cultures, as they get to fuse with people from different walks of life and thus, enhance their awareness. 2. Larger Market: Due to internationalization, the customer base has enlarged greatly. People travel not only for holidays, but business, health and various other purposes too. Thus, this has increased the market for the hospitality industry, which gets their major income from these international visitors. 3. Boosts the economy: As visitors come in and spend money it effects to the foreign exchange of the country and it gets increase. Thus it is of great value to the economy as internationalization helps to pump in money into the country. 4. Technology Advancement: Since one needs to attract as many tourists as possible, hospitality organizations frequently need to upgrade and improve their products and services. Example: Singapore Flyer, using faster and newer technology in hotels to so that the customer is satisfied. 5. Promotes Creativity: Organizations are continuously thinking of new and innovative ideas to draw more tourists. 6. More Job Opportunities: Due to internationalization, more visitors come into the country and thus more people will be required to serve and cater to their needs. So, with the arrival of internationalization, there are lot of more jobs opportunities for people within the areas which hospitality industries are located. 7. Boosts the Travel Industry: Due to internationalization more people travel around the countries. To facilitate this, the tours and travels industry require to develop as well. People who come into the country by air, ship or land, will use the transport services obtainable as well. 8. Variety of International Services / Cuisines: Since there are lot of diverse visitors from various cultures, traditions, cuisines, and languages, the hospitality industry includes recipes and various other services to cater to them. These services will be available to the locals too, which makes it even better. The negative impacts of internationalization on the hospitality industry; Language Barriers: Due to internationalization, the hospitality Industry can make use of people from different countries as it is usually cheaper. They may sometimes have troubles in communicating with the customers. Many customers get quite incensed as a result of this. Cultural Barriers: As there are people from a mixture of cultures, one needs to be watchful not to offend them. For Example, a muslim will not eat pork one needs to make sure not serve food which contains pork. (Unless specifically asked). Whats acceptable by one culture may be frowned upon by another. Events/Disasters in other Countries: A disaster or incident taking place in one country may affect to the country (the home country) also. For example, the financial crisis makes less people want to spend money or travel; due to increase in terrorism some visitors get are not ready to travel to certain countries. Seasonal Employment: During climax periods, a lot of jobs are available in some industries, but as soon as the tourists go back to their countries, the jobs get disappeared as well. For example: Goa India; the locals in Goa get their revenue only during the climax season, (Dec- Feb and April July) In other seasons, they have no jobs and no earnings. Growth of the Communication Technology: Due to international barriers, there has been a constant growth in the use of technology for communication (through the internet, voice recordings). This removes the human touch. Developing Countries: Countries that are unable to keep up with the advancement in technology tend to lose out. Example: Africa does not have the infrastructure or technology as yet to welcome a large amount of foreign visitors, though it does have a lot of natural attractions. To increase the flow, it would have to improve conditions; otherwise tourists have a vast sea of areas to choose from. Increase in Crime Rate: With the increase in tourists, crimes increase too. Example: pick-pocketing, hustling, rape, smuggling. Bad Habits: People from other countries sometimes influence the local youth in a bad way. Increase in drugs and promiscuous behavior, etc Integration of the hospitality industry To offer a better customer service and keep loyal client come back todays hospitality industry require integration system. Thereby they can maintain their controls and improve their business. To have a smooth running integration system can aid organizations with a sustainable competitive advantage by improving product quality and service while reducing cost. Good performance and a high-quality, sustainable product can also help a company to reduce the risk of conflict or problems with suppliers, governments, staff and local communities, and improve its status as a respected partner in destinations. This may mean enhanced access to key business resources such as capital, the ability to develop products to meet growing market demand, improved relationships with governments, and a motivated and loyal staff. Eg: The computer software is a combination of various modules, which cater to the various aspects of hotel management. It including with hotel staff management, hotel reservation and hotel accounting are taken care of by the different modules in a single software unit. Many software companies have gathered more areas of hotel management into their software. All the operations like bookings, billings, reservations, check-ins, checkouts and etc, are available on screen and can do within few clicks of mouse. Therefore, taken as a whole, efficiency of the hotel staff and the management system is increased. Clients can reserve the rooms and other services through the hotel website directly. There is no room for any third party connection in this events.. However, there are some advantages in this integration as follows; It leads to reduction of transportation costs as the common ownership results in closer geographic proximity. The transaction costs can be controlled if a firm acquires the other firms in the vertical chain, then one division of the same company will transfer goods to other divisions. So, transaction costs in form of transport, cost of negotiation, cost of control etc. will be eliminated. The overall average cost of the firm will decline because if the divisions are under same management control then there will be in house supply and departmental heads will determine the transfer price. An example could be pokarna granites limited. The company was established in 1991 as a partnership firm quarrying black galaxy granite in India. Transportation of granite to factories where they can be cut and polished is quite difficult. Since that time, the company has grown to a major quarrier and fabricator of stones from India and around the world. From the very beginning, the company has believed in vertical integration. They begin with the finest raw materials, invariably from their very own quarries, assuring consistent, high quality suppliers. If a firm purchases semi finished goods from an outside source then the work culture will be different and there are chances of dispute regarding terms and conditions of supply or if the outside supplier makes breach of contract and does not supply the goods on time then the firm can not fulfil its commitment to the third party and the goodwill of a firm will come to an end. Organizational inferences; If the supplier supplying the raw materials to a firm is big, in terms of size and structure, then it will dictate the terms and conditions. On the other hand if an in-house source is used then there will be no market variation and the supplier can not impose any unfavorable conditions. We can split the benefits of integration into short-term or static gains and more long-term dynamic gains.    The establishment of the Single market within Europe has led to significant gains for the participating member states. The removal of internal market barriers and the harmonization of national regulations are expected to lead to an increase in trade and reductions in cost. Conclusion Taken as a whole, Internationalization and integration are two major parts which leads to the growth of the Hospitality Industry and their impacts directly involve to the evolutionary change in the Industry.

Custom Essays: Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelias Suicide

Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelia's Suicide  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare's character of Ophelia in Hamlet, suffers greatly, from the time she learns of her father Polonius' death, until her own mysterious death.   In Hamlet, Gertrude, Horatio and Claudius refer to her state, and conclude that she is crazy1[1].   Though there is some truth to their claim, Shakespeare created Ophelia as an overly- dramatic character, who is somewhat exaggerating her emotions to give an impression of madness.   Although their impression of Ophelia can be supported, evidence is not shown as much in her words, as it is shown in her actions.   Ophelia's songs seem like riddles and nonsense2[2], yet they are similar to the patterns of speech by Hamlet, revealing truths and true emotions, and at times sarcasm.  Ã‚   However, Ophelia's whimsical, and child-like behavior is quite different than the prim, reserved Ophelia at the beginning of the play.   Still, this behavior is not consistent with the   sad words in her grief-lad en songs, nor is it consistent with a woman in grief rather Ophelia's physical behavior is the strongest evidence that Ophelia may exhibit signs of madness.   Hamlet's act to convince his insanity to all that knew him influenced Ophelia to perform following Hamlet's lead with   his feigned madness, eventually leading to the girl's suicide, thus implicating Hamlet in her death.    In act four, scene five; Gertrude and Horatio discuss Ophelia's worsening condition directly prior to her entrance.   They attribute the young girls' decline to her concern for her recently dead father.   Ophelia displays signs of being overly sensitive and volatile, which concerns Horatio: "Spurns enviously at straws, speaks things in doubt / That carry but... ...    Notes: 1[1] Hamlet, (4.5.3,5-10). 2[2] Hamlet, (4.5.7) 3[3] Hamlet, (4.5.6-7).   4[4] Neely, Carol Thomas, "Document in Madness", University of Illinois, Shakespeare Criticism Yearbook 1991, Volume 19, pp 333-334. 5[5] Hamlet, (4.5.21).   6[6] Hamlet, (4.5.29-32) 7[7]Hamlet, (2.2.186) 8[8] Turner, John, "Hamlet: The Court in Transition".   University College of Swansea, Shakespearean Criticism, Volume 16, Yearbook 1990, p. 253. 9[9] Neely, p. 333. 10[10] Hamlet, (4.5.47-54) 11[11] Neely, p. 333. 12[12] Hamlet, (4.5.55). 13[13] Neely, p. 333. 14[14] Hamlet, (4.5.159). 15[15] Hamlet, (4.5.176-186) 16[16] Persoon, James. "Shakespeare's Hamlet: the meaning of Ophelia's distribution of herbs and flowers." Explicator, v. 55, Wntr 1997, pp 70-71. 17[17] Persoon, p 71. 18[18]Hamlet, (2.2109)   

Christianization throughout History Essay

Introduction â€Å"Curiosity about life in all of its aspects, I think, is the secret of great creative people†, Leo Burnett once said. I agree, and can proudly say that curiosity is my motive for writing this project. The purpose of this project is pure research. I want to gain knowledge about the subject of my choice and also improve my writing and planning skills. I chose this topic after watching a National Geographic program concerning Mithraism in ancient Rome. I became very curious about Religious customs, Christian in particular. My main form of research was the Internet. I read University studies and encyclopedia articles. Finally I ended up with 3 research questions. I wanted to find out the true origins of the 3 major Christian holidays: Christmas, Easter and Halloween. Where their (sometimes strange) traditions came from, if other cultures celebrated similar holidays in the past and how they came to be the Christian holidays we know today. 1. What are the true origins of Christmas? The dictionary definition of â€Å"Christmas† is: The annual festival of the Christian church commemorating the birth of Jesus. It is basically a feast in which Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, the most prominent figure in Christian belief, making this their most cherished holiday. Christmas is celebrated on December 25 (or January 7 in eastern orthodox churches, due to incompatibility between the Julian and Gregorian calendars). Popular customs of the holiday include gift-giving, music, church celebrations, a special meal, and decorations like Christmas trees, lights, garlands, mistletoe, nativity scenes, and holly. Today, Christmas is celebrated in many places around the world by Christians and an increasing amount of non-Christians, but few people know the true pagan roots of this holiday. First and foremost, the early Christians did not celebrate the birth of Christ. There were two reasons for it: The first was the simple truth that no one knew the exact day of Christ’s birth. Today, most historians believe, according to the biblical description, that his birth took place around September (approx. six months after Passover). One thing is sure though, that it is very unlikely that Jesus was born in December. The biblical story tells us there were shepherds tending their sheep in the fields that night. This is quite unlikely to have happened during a cold winter. The second reason came further in the church’s development. During the first three hundred years of the religion the church in Rome discouraged celebrating the birth of Christ, not wanting it to seem more like a pagan ritual than a Christian holiday. So why is Christ’s birth celebrated on the 25th of December? The Answer is simple: Christianization, or the conversion of native pagan culture to Christian use. Church officials developed different methods of conversion to Christianity, and the main one was based on the belief that conversions were easier if people were allowed to retain the outward forms of their traditions, while claiming that the traditions were in honor of the Christian God. Basically, the traditions and practices themselves were kept, but the reasoning behind them was altered. Many pagan societies held celebrations around the winter solstice (the shortest day of the year, which occurs between the 21st and the 25th of December) with the prevailing theme being the welcoming of the sun and the joy in the rebirth of the world. There are also many stories of children of wonder being born on or near the winter solstice, like Mithras, Attis, Dionysus or Apollo, who are all savior deities sent in manifestation at the darkest time of the year. The oldest winter solstice celebration known to us took place in ancient Egypt over 4000 years ago. Large parties were held to celebrate the rebirth of the sun god Horus. The held a 12-day festival that mirrored their 12 month calendar, which revolved around Horus. This Egyptian idea of a 12 day celebration was also the first of its kind. Local countries adopted these ideas from the Egyptians (perhaps wanting to share in Egypt’s success). A prominent celebration was the Babylonian â€Å"Zagmuk† honoring the creator-sun god Marduk. The Babylonians believed that while Marduk had created the world peaceful and beautiful he has to battle the monsters of chaos to keep it so. Every year as the weather grows colder the monsters regain their strength and Marduk has to fight them off, but he needs the help of the people. This battle lasted for 12 days and it was the duty of the people to cheer Marduk on and help him win the war. Only then peace would be restored, the earth’s beauty renewed and the people would be safe for another year. As we move east we reach the Persian â€Å"Sacaea†, a celebration honoring the return of the sun. The Sacaea was also celebrated by the Greek in honor of Zeus’s defeat of Kronos and the Titans. These celebrations consisted mainly of feasting, partying and light ing of large bonfires. The Roman holiday season lasted a week and was called Dies Natalis Invicti Solis, the Birth of the Unconquered Sun. It began on the 25th of December with the Saturnalia, the holiday honoring Saturn (the God of agriculture) and ended with the Kalends of January (the roman new year’s), which represented the triumph of life over death. This holiday was celebrated in honor of Sol Invictus (the invincible sun), The official Roman Sun God (whose day of rest was Sunday). Mithraism was also a common cult in the Roman Empire, and many celebrated the birth of Mithras on this date as well. This festival was marked by much feasting, gift giving and merrymaking in general. The Pagans of northern Europe also celebrated the winter solstice, with a festival called â€Å"Yule†. Yule has many names for the different tribes: For the Celts it was â€Å"Nodlaig†, for the Saxons â€Å"Gehul†, and for the Welsh is was â€Å"Hal†. More names were Juul, Oel, Heol and many more. The word Yule is derived from the Norse word Iul, meaning wheel. The wheel was a pagan symbol for the sun and for the cycle of life. The Yule celebration lasted for a number of days and involved feasting, fires, and sacrifices. Bonfires blazed in honor of the sun’s struggle against, and eventual triumph over, the darkness and cold of winter. One of the most prominent symbols of Yule was the evergreen tree. The evergreens seemed to have magic powers enabling them to resist the short and cold days. Evergreen trees would often be brought into home and evergreen boughs were carried as luck totems (especially Holly, which was considered the food of the gods). Sacred ceremonies were held by druids surrounding and worshiping these trees. More traditions included kissing under the mistletoe (a fertility ritual) and gift giving. Even the idea of Santa Clause can be found in many Yule celebrations. The Pagans viewed these celebrations of the return of the sun as the fact that good will prevail over evil, which made it easy to adapt them to Christianity, seeing how Jesus was born to save the world (according to the belief). Jesus has often been referred to as the â€Å"light of the world† and it only seemed fitting that his birth would be celebrated with the rebirth of the sun. So, in the year 350, Pope Julius the first and the roman emperor Constantine declared that Christ’s birth would be celebrated on December 25. There is little doubt that he was trying to make it as painless as possible for the pagan Romans (who remained a majority at that time) to convert to Christianity. The new religion went down a bit easier, knowing that their feasts would not be taken away from them. However, some experts believe it went the other way around. They say the early Christians were tempted by the partying and feasting, so the Christian leaders quickly decided to give the holiday a Christian reasoning so as not to lose their followers. 2. What are the true origins of Easter? Easter is the second major holiday in the Christian liturgical year. According to the New Testament, Jesus rose from the dead 3 days after his crucifixion. Easter Day is the celebration of his resurrection, also called Resurrection Sunday. Prior to Easter Day come a 40 day period called Lent. This is a time for fasting, praying and penance. The last week of Lent is called Holy week and it contains Good Friday, which honors the crucifixion of Christ. After Resurrection Sunday comes a 50 day period called Eastertide, ending with Pentecost Sunday. This is a time for rejoicing and growth. Easter is not fixed in the civil calendar because it is a lunar holiday. Easter Sunday occurs on the first Sunday after the full moon proceeding the vernal (spring) equinox, which occurs on March 21. Easter customs and symbols include a large feast (with ham as the main course), a sunrise worship service, egg hunting and decorating, hot cross buns, flowers, the Easter bunny and outdoor activities. The thing is, none of the customs and symbols, or even the name of this holiday, has anything to do with Christianity. The word Easter is actually the name of the pagan goddess of fertility, also named Ostare, Oestre, Ostara, Ishtar, Ashtoreth, and Asthart in different cultures. Many pagan cultures held vernal festivals in honor of this goddess, celebrating the arrival of spring and the awakening of life. The oldest of these festivals was held in ancient Babylon, Phrygia (modern day Turkey), Canaan and Phoenicia. The Phoenicians were a civilization of traders who brought the Easter customs to Greece, Rome and the northern countries of Great Britain. The legend of this spring festival begins with Nimrod. Nimrod is, according to the book of Genesis the son of Cush, grandson of Ham and great grandson of Noah. Nimrod was a powerful leader who formed the first empire in the world, Babylon, by conquering the â€Å"Land of the Seven Cities† (the Persian gulf). In his rule he made the people rebel against God and join in his own mystery religion, in which he figured prominently. When Nimrod eventually died, his mystery religion continued on. His wife Queen Semiramis saw to that. Once he was dead, she deified him as the Sun-god. In various cultures he later became known as Baal, the Great Life Giver, the god of fire, Baalim, Bel, Molech, etc. Queen Semiramis continued developing her mystery religion. She set herself as a goddess as well, proclaiming to have hatched from an egg that fell down from the moon on the first full moon after the spring equinox (she taught that the moon went through a 28 day cycle and ovulated when full). She became known as the goddess of fertility and the moon, mother of all life. She later became known as Ishtar, or Easter. Semiramis soon became pregnant, claiming that is the rays of the sun god Baal which caused her to conceive. She gave birth to Tammuz, who was the supposed savior, the son of God. Tammuz was a hunter, and was one day killed by a wild boar. He was sent to the underworld, but through his mother’s weeping he was resurrected and allowed to ascend to be with his father Baal. Another version tells that Semiramis (or Ishtar) was so grief stricken that she followed Tammuz to the underworld. With her gone, the world became a cold and barren place. Ea, the Babylonian God of water and wisdom, sprinkled them both with the water of life, allowing them to return to the world for 6 months of the year. The remaining part of the year Tammuz was to return to the underworld, causing Ishtar to follow him and the cycle to continue. This is how the people explained to themselves the miracle of spring that happened every year. Each year a spring festival was held to celebrate Tammuz’s resurrection from the underworld on the first Sunday after the full moon of the spring equinox, Ishtar Sunday. All of the common Easter traditions originate from this belief. Ham was to be eaten as a reminder of Tammuz’s death. The sunrise worship service is a common pagan practice honoring the Sun God. The egg is probably the oldest symbol of fertility and new life in pagan worship. Then there is the story of Ishtar’s hatching from the moon egg, known as the Ishatr, or Easter egg. The hare too, is an old fertility symbol, due to its rapid rate of reproduction. The story of the Easter bunny brings us back to Ishtar, or Ostara as she was called in northern Europe. The Goddes Ostara arrived late from the underworld one spring and found a little bird whose wings had frozen from the snow. Full of pity for the creature she made him her pet and turned him into a snow white hare (which would then become her symbol). She also gave him the gift of being able to run with incredible speed. In remembrance of his earlier form as abird, the hare had the ability to lay eggs, which were rainbow colored, but only on one day of the year (guess which?). The Hare eventually managed to annoy the goddess, and she put in the sky as the constellation Lepus (the hare). He was allowed to return to the earth once each year on Easter Sunday to lay his eggs. It became an Easter tradition to seek out the Easter hare’s rainbow colored eggs. Also, in Celtic culture, it was forbidden to eat hare meat except on Beltane (the 1st of May) when a ceremonial hare hunt was held (Beltane is the Celtic name for Easter – Bel meaning the same as Baal). The hare remains a symbol of luck and fertility even today. The Act of fasting in preparation for a great occasion can be found in many lands. The Babylonians and their neighbors fasted for 40 days in preparation for the annual celebration of Tammuz’s resurrection. This is probably the direct source of the Christian Lent, but a pennence period like this can be found in many other societies as well. Pagans in Mexico and the Andes mountains practiced a 40 day fast in honor of the sun around this time of year. The Egyptians fasted for 40 days to honor Adonis and Osiris. The lighting of fires was also a common pagan ritual. Fire was the symbol of Baal and the fires were used in ceremonies and even for human sacrifices. The New Testament says nothing about sunrise ceremonies, lent, colored eggs or bunnies. These are all classic examples of Christianization. The Christian leaders wanted to convert the pagans to Christianity, so they decided to adopt their rituals and give them Christian significance in order to make the transition easier. But perhaps there is another, more primitive reason. People enjoy celebrations and festivities, and do not care for the most part who or what the celebration honors. The pagans probably did not care what name was given to their festival, as long as they could continue feasting and rejoicing. 3. What are the true origins of Halloween? The name Halloween is actually a Scottish shortening of the name â€Å"All Hallows Evening† or â€Å"All Hallows Eve†. It is celebrated on October 31st and it is so named because it comes before All Saints Day (or All Hallows day) which occurs on the first of November. According to Christian tradition, the souls of dead roam the earth until All Saints Day, when the prayers of the people free them from purgatory and allow them to reach heaven. Halloween is the last night the dead spend on earth and their last chance of gaining vengeance on their enemies before moving on to the next life. To avoid being recognized by a soul, Christians would wear masks and costumes to disguise themselves. This is where the custom of dressing up and â€Å"trick or treating† came from. More traditions of Halloween include costume parties, carving jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions and playing pranks. In these traditions we can see the pagan origins of Halloween crystal clear. The Celts of Northern Europe celebrated their New Year on the evening of October 31st and the first of November (the Celts followed a lunar calendar and their days began at sunset). This holiday was named â€Å"Samhain† in Ireland, Galan Gaeaf in Wales and Allantide in Cornwall, and is Celtic for â€Å"summer’s end†. They believed that the New Year starts with the death of the sun god in winter. It was also believed that the veils of the world were thinnest as the old year waned into the new and that troublesome spirits, ghosts of the dead, fairies, and demons were free to roam about, scaring people and damaging crops. Traditionally, Samhain was time to take stock of the herds and grain supplies, and decide which animals would need to be slaughtered in order for the people and livestock to survive the winter. The reason for this was that the meat could keep since the cold months have come and also since summer grass is gone and free foraging is no longer possible . Large fires played a large part in the festivities. They were called Bonfires because the bones of the slaughtered cattle were thrown in as sacrifices to the sun and spirits. Often two bonfires would be built side by side, and the people would walk between the fires as a ritual of purification. The druids (celtic priests) performed ceremonies around these fires including divination concerning marriage, luck, health and death. Since the barrier to the otherworld was so thin this was the best time for these rites. Each family in the village would extinguish the fire in their home, and then relight their hearth from the common flame. This ritual was said to bond the village together and protect each family from the spirits roaming about. More attempts to ward off spirits included wearing costumes and masks and carving candle lanterns from turnips. Large turnips were hollowed out, carved with face and placed in windows. Samhain was also a night of mischief and confusion. The spirits were impersonated by young men with masked, veiled or blackened faces, dressed in white or disguises of straw. These young men would go from house to house â€Å"trick or treating† as a form of bribery. The family would give the â€Å"spirits† fruits or nuts to keep them from damaging their crops. Mischievous pranks were played on the ungenerous including moving farm equipment and livestock and bombarding their houses with cabbages pulled at random from gardens. Other than these young men people usually preferred to stay indoors on Samhain night. During the Roman rule in Britain (43-410 AD) aspects of Roman religion were incorporated into Samhain. Candied apples and bobbing for apples became associated with this holiday because of Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit trees and gardens, whose symbol was the apple. Traditions often involve fruit centerpieces and decorations. Furthermore, the Romans observed the holiday of Feralia, intended to give rest and peace to the departed. Sacrifices were made in honor of the dead and prayers were offered as well. The jack – o – lantern is perhaps the most famous Halloween symbol. It is named after the phenomenon of strange light flickering over peat bogs, also known as will –o –the wisp, representing the scary spirits roaming about. Furthermore, the Celtic folklore tells about a fellow named Stingy Jack, a thief that managed to trick and trap the devil. In order to be set free, the devil had to promise never to takes Jack’s soul. When the day came and Jack died, he wasn’t allowed to enter Heaven because of all the bad deeds he had committed in his life. He was sent to Hell, but the Devil kept his promise and wouldn’t take Jack in. Jack was condemned to roam the earth with only a burning ember in a turnip lamp to light his way. This is where the tradition of carving vegetable lamps came from. When the first English immigrants came to North America they traded the turnip for the larger native pumpkin, which was larger and readily available. This pumpkin lantern is the jack- o –lantern known to us today. Another important holiday honoring the dead belonged to the ancient Aztecs. It was named â€Å"The Day of The Dead† (El Dà ­a de los Muertos) and is still celebrated in Mexico, South America and around the world. Originally it fell on the ninth month of the Aztec calendar, symbolizing the nine stops the dead must pass on their way to heaven, and was celebrated for an entire month. Sacrifices were made to the lady of the dead, Mictecacihuatl. Today, â€Å"The Day of The Dead† is celebrated on the 1-2 of November, probably due to the Catholic Spanish conquering which led to the merge of the Day of The Dead with All Saints Day. Traditions of this holiday include a family meal with emphasis on remembering deceased family members, decorating graves and family altars, and prayer. These are the basic traditions, but in different cultures activities may vary, from kite-flying in Guatemala to skull decorating in Bolivia. The essence of this day is celebrating the lives of those who are gone and helping them on their way. The early Christians also had a day celebrating the remembrance of all the church’s martyrs. It was established by Pope Boniface the 4th and was set on May 13. Later, it was Pope Gregory the 3rd that changed the date to November 1st, and renamed it â€Å"All Saints day†, so it would correspond with the existing pagan holidays. Christianity continued to spread throughout the world, and pagan holidays were either Christianized or forgotten. Samhain and The Day of The Dead were absorbed into Halloween. Their traditions and rituals were preserved and incorporated into the new holiday, but their names were omitted. However, now, despite all of the Christian efforts, people essentially enjoy the aspects of the holiday that derive from pagan origins. The Halloween celebrated by the great majority of people today is just a fun holiday, and has lost its religious signifance for most people. Conclusion To summarize everything, I believe it can be safely said that Christian holidays rarely mean and originate where they seemed to at first. Christianization can be found throughout history in many different cultures and aspects, from major holidays to minor superstitions. Celebrations of the winter solstice were common around the world, and Christmas was just the latest addition. The early Christians merely replaced the birth of the sun with the birth of the son, but kept the rituals and traditions of the pagan festivals. The Easter holiday even managed to keep its pagan name. The festival of the earth’s rebirth is recycled today as the day honoring the resurrection of Jesus, and celebrated in the same way the Babylonians did 3000 years ago. Even Halloween is just a pagan holiday dipped in holy water. It’s as pagan as you can get, honoring ghosts, spirits and the like, but it got Christianized nonetheless. In my personal opinion, there is nothing religious about these holidays anymore. They merely represent how far ideas can travel when you take advantage of human nature. The early Christians understood that people are just simple beings who like to have a good time, and don’t really care in whose honor. Christianization was a smart idea, but I believe it breaks a few copyright laws. Working on this project I improved my research and writing skills, and also my time management. If I had been given the chance I would have written more about the Christianization of sacred places, like the pantheon and Celtic sacred groves. All in all, I learned a lot during the entire process and am satisfied with the result.    Bibliography Websites 1. http://www.nvcc.edu/home/lshulman/rel232/resource/RileyPaper.htm 2. http://www.pocm.info 3. http://searchforbibletruths.blogspot.com/2011/04/easter-origins-traditions-and-customs.html 4. http://www.thercg.org/books/ttooe.html 5. http://www.lasttrumpetministries.org/tracts/tract1.html 6. http://www.goddessgift.com/Pandora’s_Box/Easter-history.htm 7. http://www.essortment.com/christmas-pagan-origins-42543.html 8. http://www.wikipedia.org 9. http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm 10. http://www.goodnewsaboutgod.com/studies/holidays2.htm 11. http://christmas-celebrations.org/ 12. http://www.near-death.com/experiences/origen048.html 13. http://www.frontline-apologetics.com/Mithras.html 14. http://ldolphin.org/semir.html 15. http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/ajb/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Ninus.html 16. http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-t020.html 17. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05224d.htm 18. http://www.goodnewsaboutgod.com/studies/holidays2.htm 19. https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/barnold/www/lectures/holloween.html 20. http://spanish.about.com/cs/culture/a/dayofdead.htm 21. http://www.traditioninaction.org/religious/e008rp_Halloween.htm 22. http://landscaping.about.com/cs/landscapecolor/a/halloweenOrigin.htm 23. http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/origin-of-halloween.htm 24. http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/Samhain.htm 25. http://www.etsu.edu/writing/adcomp_f06/students/halloween.htm 26. http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/onlinediscipleship/halloween/halloween_Pagan_Ankerberg.aspx 27. http://www.albee.org/halloween/history.htm Articles 1. Julia A. Gengenbach, â€Å"Is Christmas Christian†, Prism University of Wisonsin- Eau Claire Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, 2002 2. Prof. Bettina Arnold, â€Å"Halloween Customs in the Celtic World†, Center of Celtic Studies, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, 2001 3. Donna-Lynn Riley, â€Å"Christian Feast Days and their Relationship to Pagan Holidays† , Introduction to World Religions, 2003