Custom Essays: Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelias Suicide

Hamlet as an Accessory to Ophelia's Suicide  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare's character of Ophelia in Hamlet, suffers greatly, from the time she learns of her father Polonius' death, until her own mysterious death.   In Hamlet, Gertrude, Horatio and Claudius refer to her state, and conclude that she is crazy1[1].   Though there is some truth to their claim, Shakespeare created Ophelia as an overly- dramatic character, who is somewhat exaggerating her emotions to give an impression of madness.   Although their impression of Ophelia can be supported, evidence is not shown as much in her words, as it is shown in her actions.   Ophelia's songs seem like riddles and nonsense2[2], yet they are similar to the patterns of speech by Hamlet, revealing truths and true emotions, and at times sarcasm.  Ã‚   However, Ophelia's whimsical, and child-like behavior is quite different than the prim, reserved Ophelia at the beginning of the play.   Still, this behavior is not consistent with the   sad words in her grief-lad en songs, nor is it consistent with a woman in grief rather Ophelia's physical behavior is the strongest evidence that Ophelia may exhibit signs of madness.   Hamlet's act to convince his insanity to all that knew him influenced Ophelia to perform following Hamlet's lead with   his feigned madness, eventually leading to the girl's suicide, thus implicating Hamlet in her death.    In act four, scene five; Gertrude and Horatio discuss Ophelia's worsening condition directly prior to her entrance.   They attribute the young girls' decline to her concern for her recently dead father.   Ophelia displays signs of being overly sensitive and volatile, which concerns Horatio: "Spurns enviously at straws, speaks things in doubt / That carry but... ...    Notes: 1[1] Hamlet, (4.5.3,5-10). 2[2] Hamlet, (4.5.7) 3[3] Hamlet, (4.5.6-7).   4[4] Neely, Carol Thomas, "Document in Madness", University of Illinois, Shakespeare Criticism Yearbook 1991, Volume 19, pp 333-334. 5[5] Hamlet, (4.5.21).   6[6] Hamlet, (4.5.29-32) 7[7]Hamlet, (2.2.186) 8[8] Turner, John, "Hamlet: The Court in Transition".   University College of Swansea, Shakespearean Criticism, Volume 16, Yearbook 1990, p. 253. 9[9] Neely, p. 333. 10[10] Hamlet, (4.5.47-54) 11[11] Neely, p. 333. 12[12] Hamlet, (4.5.55). 13[13] Neely, p. 333. 14[14] Hamlet, (4.5.159). 15[15] Hamlet, (4.5.176-186) 16[16] Persoon, James. "Shakespeare's Hamlet: the meaning of Ophelia's distribution of herbs and flowers." Explicator, v. 55, Wntr 1997, pp 70-71. 17[17] Persoon, p 71. 18[18]Hamlet, (2.2109)   

Christianization throughout History Essay

Introduction â€Å"Curiosity about life in all of its aspects, I think, is the secret of great creative people†, Leo Burnett once said. I agree, and can proudly say that curiosity is my motive for writing this project. The purpose of this project is pure research. I want to gain knowledge about the subject of my choice and also improve my writing and planning skills. I chose this topic after watching a National Geographic program concerning Mithraism in ancient Rome. I became very curious about Religious customs, Christian in particular. My main form of research was the Internet. I read University studies and encyclopedia articles. Finally I ended up with 3 research questions. I wanted to find out the true origins of the 3 major Christian holidays: Christmas, Easter and Halloween. Where their (sometimes strange) traditions came from, if other cultures celebrated similar holidays in the past and how they came to be the Christian holidays we know today. 1. What are the true origins of Christmas? The dictionary definition of â€Å"Christmas† is: The annual festival of the Christian church commemorating the birth of Jesus. It is basically a feast in which Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, the most prominent figure in Christian belief, making this their most cherished holiday. Christmas is celebrated on December 25 (or January 7 in eastern orthodox churches, due to incompatibility between the Julian and Gregorian calendars). Popular customs of the holiday include gift-giving, music, church celebrations, a special meal, and decorations like Christmas trees, lights, garlands, mistletoe, nativity scenes, and holly. Today, Christmas is celebrated in many places around the world by Christians and an increasing amount of non-Christians, but few people know the true pagan roots of this holiday. First and foremost, the early Christians did not celebrate the birth of Christ. There were two reasons for it: The first was the simple truth that no one knew the exact day of Christ’s birth. Today, most historians believe, according to the biblical description, that his birth took place around September (approx. six months after Passover). One thing is sure though, that it is very unlikely that Jesus was born in December. The biblical story tells us there were shepherds tending their sheep in the fields that night. This is quite unlikely to have happened during a cold winter. The second reason came further in the church’s development. During the first three hundred years of the religion the church in Rome discouraged celebrating the birth of Christ, not wanting it to seem more like a pagan ritual than a Christian holiday. So why is Christ’s birth celebrated on the 25th of December? The Answer is simple: Christianization, or the conversion of native pagan culture to Christian use. Church officials developed different methods of conversion to Christianity, and the main one was based on the belief that conversions were easier if people were allowed to retain the outward forms of their traditions, while claiming that the traditions were in honor of the Christian God. Basically, the traditions and practices themselves were kept, but the reasoning behind them was altered. Many pagan societies held celebrations around the winter solstice (the shortest day of the year, which occurs between the 21st and the 25th of December) with the prevailing theme being the welcoming of the sun and the joy in the rebirth of the world. There are also many stories of children of wonder being born on or near the winter solstice, like Mithras, Attis, Dionysus or Apollo, who are all savior deities sent in manifestation at the darkest time of the year. The oldest winter solstice celebration known to us took place in ancient Egypt over 4000 years ago. Large parties were held to celebrate the rebirth of the sun god Horus. The held a 12-day festival that mirrored their 12 month calendar, which revolved around Horus. This Egyptian idea of a 12 day celebration was also the first of its kind. Local countries adopted these ideas from the Egyptians (perhaps wanting to share in Egypt’s success). A prominent celebration was the Babylonian â€Å"Zagmuk† honoring the creator-sun god Marduk. The Babylonians believed that while Marduk had created the world peaceful and beautiful he has to battle the monsters of chaos to keep it so. Every year as the weather grows colder the monsters regain their strength and Marduk has to fight them off, but he needs the help of the people. This battle lasted for 12 days and it was the duty of the people to cheer Marduk on and help him win the war. Only then peace would be restored, the earth’s beauty renewed and the people would be safe for another year. As we move east we reach the Persian â€Å"Sacaea†, a celebration honoring the return of the sun. The Sacaea was also celebrated by the Greek in honor of Zeus’s defeat of Kronos and the Titans. These celebrations consisted mainly of feasting, partying and light ing of large bonfires. The Roman holiday season lasted a week and was called Dies Natalis Invicti Solis, the Birth of the Unconquered Sun. It began on the 25th of December with the Saturnalia, the holiday honoring Saturn (the God of agriculture) and ended with the Kalends of January (the roman new year’s), which represented the triumph of life over death. This holiday was celebrated in honor of Sol Invictus (the invincible sun), The official Roman Sun God (whose day of rest was Sunday). Mithraism was also a common cult in the Roman Empire, and many celebrated the birth of Mithras on this date as well. This festival was marked by much feasting, gift giving and merrymaking in general. The Pagans of northern Europe also celebrated the winter solstice, with a festival called â€Å"Yule†. Yule has many names for the different tribes: For the Celts it was â€Å"Nodlaig†, for the Saxons â€Å"Gehul†, and for the Welsh is was â€Å"Hal†. More names were Juul, Oel, Heol and many more. The word Yule is derived from the Norse word Iul, meaning wheel. The wheel was a pagan symbol for the sun and for the cycle of life. The Yule celebration lasted for a number of days and involved feasting, fires, and sacrifices. Bonfires blazed in honor of the sun’s struggle against, and eventual triumph over, the darkness and cold of winter. One of the most prominent symbols of Yule was the evergreen tree. The evergreens seemed to have magic powers enabling them to resist the short and cold days. Evergreen trees would often be brought into home and evergreen boughs were carried as luck totems (especially Holly, which was considered the food of the gods). Sacred ceremonies were held by druids surrounding and worshiping these trees. More traditions included kissing under the mistletoe (a fertility ritual) and gift giving. Even the idea of Santa Clause can be found in many Yule celebrations. The Pagans viewed these celebrations of the return of the sun as the fact that good will prevail over evil, which made it easy to adapt them to Christianity, seeing how Jesus was born to save the world (according to the belief). Jesus has often been referred to as the â€Å"light of the world† and it only seemed fitting that his birth would be celebrated with the rebirth of the sun. So, in the year 350, Pope Julius the first and the roman emperor Constantine declared that Christ’s birth would be celebrated on December 25. There is little doubt that he was trying to make it as painless as possible for the pagan Romans (who remained a majority at that time) to convert to Christianity. The new religion went down a bit easier, knowing that their feasts would not be taken away from them. However, some experts believe it went the other way around. They say the early Christians were tempted by the partying and feasting, so the Christian leaders quickly decided to give the holiday a Christian reasoning so as not to lose their followers. 2. What are the true origins of Easter? Easter is the second major holiday in the Christian liturgical year. According to the New Testament, Jesus rose from the dead 3 days after his crucifixion. Easter Day is the celebration of his resurrection, also called Resurrection Sunday. Prior to Easter Day come a 40 day period called Lent. This is a time for fasting, praying and penance. The last week of Lent is called Holy week and it contains Good Friday, which honors the crucifixion of Christ. After Resurrection Sunday comes a 50 day period called Eastertide, ending with Pentecost Sunday. This is a time for rejoicing and growth. Easter is not fixed in the civil calendar because it is a lunar holiday. Easter Sunday occurs on the first Sunday after the full moon proceeding the vernal (spring) equinox, which occurs on March 21. Easter customs and symbols include a large feast (with ham as the main course), a sunrise worship service, egg hunting and decorating, hot cross buns, flowers, the Easter bunny and outdoor activities. The thing is, none of the customs and symbols, or even the name of this holiday, has anything to do with Christianity. The word Easter is actually the name of the pagan goddess of fertility, also named Ostare, Oestre, Ostara, Ishtar, Ashtoreth, and Asthart in different cultures. Many pagan cultures held vernal festivals in honor of this goddess, celebrating the arrival of spring and the awakening of life. The oldest of these festivals was held in ancient Babylon, Phrygia (modern day Turkey), Canaan and Phoenicia. The Phoenicians were a civilization of traders who brought the Easter customs to Greece, Rome and the northern countries of Great Britain. The legend of this spring festival begins with Nimrod. Nimrod is, according to the book of Genesis the son of Cush, grandson of Ham and great grandson of Noah. Nimrod was a powerful leader who formed the first empire in the world, Babylon, by conquering the â€Å"Land of the Seven Cities† (the Persian gulf). In his rule he made the people rebel against God and join in his own mystery religion, in which he figured prominently. When Nimrod eventually died, his mystery religion continued on. His wife Queen Semiramis saw to that. Once he was dead, she deified him as the Sun-god. In various cultures he later became known as Baal, the Great Life Giver, the god of fire, Baalim, Bel, Molech, etc. Queen Semiramis continued developing her mystery religion. She set herself as a goddess as well, proclaiming to have hatched from an egg that fell down from the moon on the first full moon after the spring equinox (she taught that the moon went through a 28 day cycle and ovulated when full). She became known as the goddess of fertility and the moon, mother of all life. She later became known as Ishtar, or Easter. Semiramis soon became pregnant, claiming that is the rays of the sun god Baal which caused her to conceive. She gave birth to Tammuz, who was the supposed savior, the son of God. Tammuz was a hunter, and was one day killed by a wild boar. He was sent to the underworld, but through his mother’s weeping he was resurrected and allowed to ascend to be with his father Baal. Another version tells that Semiramis (or Ishtar) was so grief stricken that she followed Tammuz to the underworld. With her gone, the world became a cold and barren place. Ea, the Babylonian God of water and wisdom, sprinkled them both with the water of life, allowing them to return to the world for 6 months of the year. The remaining part of the year Tammuz was to return to the underworld, causing Ishtar to follow him and the cycle to continue. This is how the people explained to themselves the miracle of spring that happened every year. Each year a spring festival was held to celebrate Tammuz’s resurrection from the underworld on the first Sunday after the full moon of the spring equinox, Ishtar Sunday. All of the common Easter traditions originate from this belief. Ham was to be eaten as a reminder of Tammuz’s death. The sunrise worship service is a common pagan practice honoring the Sun God. The egg is probably the oldest symbol of fertility and new life in pagan worship. Then there is the story of Ishtar’s hatching from the moon egg, known as the Ishatr, or Easter egg. The hare too, is an old fertility symbol, due to its rapid rate of reproduction. The story of the Easter bunny brings us back to Ishtar, or Ostara as she was called in northern Europe. The Goddes Ostara arrived late from the underworld one spring and found a little bird whose wings had frozen from the snow. Full of pity for the creature she made him her pet and turned him into a snow white hare (which would then become her symbol). She also gave him the gift of being able to run with incredible speed. In remembrance of his earlier form as abird, the hare had the ability to lay eggs, which were rainbow colored, but only on one day of the year (guess which?). The Hare eventually managed to annoy the goddess, and she put in the sky as the constellation Lepus (the hare). He was allowed to return to the earth once each year on Easter Sunday to lay his eggs. It became an Easter tradition to seek out the Easter hare’s rainbow colored eggs. Also, in Celtic culture, it was forbidden to eat hare meat except on Beltane (the 1st of May) when a ceremonial hare hunt was held (Beltane is the Celtic name for Easter – Bel meaning the same as Baal). The hare remains a symbol of luck and fertility even today. The Act of fasting in preparation for a great occasion can be found in many lands. The Babylonians and their neighbors fasted for 40 days in preparation for the annual celebration of Tammuz’s resurrection. This is probably the direct source of the Christian Lent, but a pennence period like this can be found in many other societies as well. Pagans in Mexico and the Andes mountains practiced a 40 day fast in honor of the sun around this time of year. The Egyptians fasted for 40 days to honor Adonis and Osiris. The lighting of fires was also a common pagan ritual. Fire was the symbol of Baal and the fires were used in ceremonies and even for human sacrifices. The New Testament says nothing about sunrise ceremonies, lent, colored eggs or bunnies. These are all classic examples of Christianization. The Christian leaders wanted to convert the pagans to Christianity, so they decided to adopt their rituals and give them Christian significance in order to make the transition easier. But perhaps there is another, more primitive reason. People enjoy celebrations and festivities, and do not care for the most part who or what the celebration honors. The pagans probably did not care what name was given to their festival, as long as they could continue feasting and rejoicing. 3. What are the true origins of Halloween? The name Halloween is actually a Scottish shortening of the name â€Å"All Hallows Evening† or â€Å"All Hallows Eve†. It is celebrated on October 31st and it is so named because it comes before All Saints Day (or All Hallows day) which occurs on the first of November. According to Christian tradition, the souls of dead roam the earth until All Saints Day, when the prayers of the people free them from purgatory and allow them to reach heaven. Halloween is the last night the dead spend on earth and their last chance of gaining vengeance on their enemies before moving on to the next life. To avoid being recognized by a soul, Christians would wear masks and costumes to disguise themselves. This is where the custom of dressing up and â€Å"trick or treating† came from. More traditions of Halloween include costume parties, carving jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions and playing pranks. In these traditions we can see the pagan origins of Halloween crystal clear. The Celts of Northern Europe celebrated their New Year on the evening of October 31st and the first of November (the Celts followed a lunar calendar and their days began at sunset). This holiday was named â€Å"Samhain† in Ireland, Galan Gaeaf in Wales and Allantide in Cornwall, and is Celtic for â€Å"summer’s end†. They believed that the New Year starts with the death of the sun god in winter. It was also believed that the veils of the world were thinnest as the old year waned into the new and that troublesome spirits, ghosts of the dead, fairies, and demons were free to roam about, scaring people and damaging crops. Traditionally, Samhain was time to take stock of the herds and grain supplies, and decide which animals would need to be slaughtered in order for the people and livestock to survive the winter. The reason for this was that the meat could keep since the cold months have come and also since summer grass is gone and free foraging is no longer possible . Large fires played a large part in the festivities. They were called Bonfires because the bones of the slaughtered cattle were thrown in as sacrifices to the sun and spirits. Often two bonfires would be built side by side, and the people would walk between the fires as a ritual of purification. The druids (celtic priests) performed ceremonies around these fires including divination concerning marriage, luck, health and death. Since the barrier to the otherworld was so thin this was the best time for these rites. Each family in the village would extinguish the fire in their home, and then relight their hearth from the common flame. This ritual was said to bond the village together and protect each family from the spirits roaming about. More attempts to ward off spirits included wearing costumes and masks and carving candle lanterns from turnips. Large turnips were hollowed out, carved with face and placed in windows. Samhain was also a night of mischief and confusion. The spirits were impersonated by young men with masked, veiled or blackened faces, dressed in white or disguises of straw. These young men would go from house to house â€Å"trick or treating† as a form of bribery. The family would give the â€Å"spirits† fruits or nuts to keep them from damaging their crops. Mischievous pranks were played on the ungenerous including moving farm equipment and livestock and bombarding their houses with cabbages pulled at random from gardens. Other than these young men people usually preferred to stay indoors on Samhain night. During the Roman rule in Britain (43-410 AD) aspects of Roman religion were incorporated into Samhain. Candied apples and bobbing for apples became associated with this holiday because of Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit trees and gardens, whose symbol was the apple. Traditions often involve fruit centerpieces and decorations. Furthermore, the Romans observed the holiday of Feralia, intended to give rest and peace to the departed. Sacrifices were made in honor of the dead and prayers were offered as well. The jack – o – lantern is perhaps the most famous Halloween symbol. It is named after the phenomenon of strange light flickering over peat bogs, also known as will –o –the wisp, representing the scary spirits roaming about. Furthermore, the Celtic folklore tells about a fellow named Stingy Jack, a thief that managed to trick and trap the devil. In order to be set free, the devil had to promise never to takes Jack’s soul. When the day came and Jack died, he wasn’t allowed to enter Heaven because of all the bad deeds he had committed in his life. He was sent to Hell, but the Devil kept his promise and wouldn’t take Jack in. Jack was condemned to roam the earth with only a burning ember in a turnip lamp to light his way. This is where the tradition of carving vegetable lamps came from. When the first English immigrants came to North America they traded the turnip for the larger native pumpkin, which was larger and readily available. This pumpkin lantern is the jack- o –lantern known to us today. Another important holiday honoring the dead belonged to the ancient Aztecs. It was named â€Å"The Day of The Dead† (El Dà ­a de los Muertos) and is still celebrated in Mexico, South America and around the world. Originally it fell on the ninth month of the Aztec calendar, symbolizing the nine stops the dead must pass on their way to heaven, and was celebrated for an entire month. Sacrifices were made to the lady of the dead, Mictecacihuatl. Today, â€Å"The Day of The Dead† is celebrated on the 1-2 of November, probably due to the Catholic Spanish conquering which led to the merge of the Day of The Dead with All Saints Day. Traditions of this holiday include a family meal with emphasis on remembering deceased family members, decorating graves and family altars, and prayer. These are the basic traditions, but in different cultures activities may vary, from kite-flying in Guatemala to skull decorating in Bolivia. The essence of this day is celebrating the lives of those who are gone and helping them on their way. The early Christians also had a day celebrating the remembrance of all the church’s martyrs. It was established by Pope Boniface the 4th and was set on May 13. Later, it was Pope Gregory the 3rd that changed the date to November 1st, and renamed it â€Å"All Saints day†, so it would correspond with the existing pagan holidays. Christianity continued to spread throughout the world, and pagan holidays were either Christianized or forgotten. Samhain and The Day of The Dead were absorbed into Halloween. Their traditions and rituals were preserved and incorporated into the new holiday, but their names were omitted. However, now, despite all of the Christian efforts, people essentially enjoy the aspects of the holiday that derive from pagan origins. The Halloween celebrated by the great majority of people today is just a fun holiday, and has lost its religious signifance for most people. Conclusion To summarize everything, I believe it can be safely said that Christian holidays rarely mean and originate where they seemed to at first. Christianization can be found throughout history in many different cultures and aspects, from major holidays to minor superstitions. Celebrations of the winter solstice were common around the world, and Christmas was just the latest addition. The early Christians merely replaced the birth of the sun with the birth of the son, but kept the rituals and traditions of the pagan festivals. The Easter holiday even managed to keep its pagan name. The festival of the earth’s rebirth is recycled today as the day honoring the resurrection of Jesus, and celebrated in the same way the Babylonians did 3000 years ago. Even Halloween is just a pagan holiday dipped in holy water. It’s as pagan as you can get, honoring ghosts, spirits and the like, but it got Christianized nonetheless. In my personal opinion, there is nothing religious about these holidays anymore. They merely represent how far ideas can travel when you take advantage of human nature. The early Christians understood that people are just simple beings who like to have a good time, and don’t really care in whose honor. Christianization was a smart idea, but I believe it breaks a few copyright laws. Working on this project I improved my research and writing skills, and also my time management. If I had been given the chance I would have written more about the Christianization of sacred places, like the pantheon and Celtic sacred groves. All in all, I learned a lot during the entire process and am satisfied with the result.    Bibliography Websites 1. http://www.nvcc.edu/home/lshulman/rel232/resource/RileyPaper.htm 2. http://www.pocm.info 3. http://searchforbibletruths.blogspot.com/2011/04/easter-origins-traditions-and-customs.html 4. http://www.thercg.org/books/ttooe.html 5. http://www.lasttrumpetministries.org/tracts/tract1.html 6. http://www.goddessgift.com/Pandora’s_Box/Easter-history.htm 7. http://www.essortment.com/christmas-pagan-origins-42543.html 8. http://www.wikipedia.org 9. http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm 10. http://www.goodnewsaboutgod.com/studies/holidays2.htm 11. http://christmas-celebrations.org/ 12. http://www.near-death.com/experiences/origen048.html 13. http://www.frontline-apologetics.com/Mithras.html 14. http://ldolphin.org/semir.html 15. http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/08/ajb/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Ninus.html 16. http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-t020.html 17. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05224d.htm 18. http://www.goodnewsaboutgod.com/studies/holidays2.htm 19. https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/barnold/www/lectures/holloween.html 20. http://spanish.about.com/cs/culture/a/dayofdead.htm 21. http://www.traditioninaction.org/religious/e008rp_Halloween.htm 22. http://landscaping.about.com/cs/landscapecolor/a/halloweenOrigin.htm 23. http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/origin-of-halloween.htm 24. http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/Samhain.htm 25. http://www.etsu.edu/writing/adcomp_f06/students/halloween.htm 26. http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/onlinediscipleship/halloween/halloween_Pagan_Ankerberg.aspx 27. http://www.albee.org/halloween/history.htm Articles 1. Julia A. Gengenbach, â€Å"Is Christmas Christian†, Prism University of Wisonsin- Eau Claire Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, 2002 2. Prof. Bettina Arnold, â€Å"Halloween Customs in the Celtic World†, Center of Celtic Studies, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, 2001 3. Donna-Lynn Riley, â€Å"Christian Feast Days and their Relationship to Pagan Holidays† , Introduction to World Religions, 2003

James Ritty and the Invention of the First Cash Register

James Ritty was an inventor who owned several saloons, including one in Dayton, Ohio. In 1878, while traveling on a steamboat trip to Europe, Ritty was fascinated by an apparatus that counted how many times the ships propeller went around. He began to contemplate whether or not a similar mechanism could be made to record the cash transactions made at his saloons. Five years later, Ritty and John Birch received a patent for inventing the cash register. Ritty then invented what was nicknamed the Incorruptible Cashier or the first working  mechanical cash register. His invention also featured that familiar bell sound referred to in advertising as The Bell Heard Round the World.   While working as a saloonkeeper, Ritty also opened a small factory in Dayton to manufacture his cash registers. The company did not prosper and by 1881, Ritty became overwhelmed with the responsibilities of running two businesses and decided to sell all his interests in the cash register business. National Cash Register Company After reading a description of the cash register designed by Ritty and sold by the National Manufacturing Company, John H. Patterson decided to buy both the company and the patent. He renamed the company the National Cash Register Company in 1884. Patterson improved the cash register by adding a paper roll to record sales transactions. Later on, there were other improvements. Inventor and businessman Charles F. Kettering  designed a cash register with an electric motor in 1906 while working at the National Cash Register Company. He later worked at General Motors and invented an electric self-starter (ignition) for a Cadillac. Today, the NCR Corporation operates  as  a computer hardware, software and electronics company that makes  self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, processing systems, barcode scanners  and business consumables. They also provide IT maintenance support services. NCR, formerly based in Dayton, Ohio, moved to Atlanta in 2009. The headquarters was located in unincorporated  Gwinnett County, Georgia, with several locations throughout the United States and Canada.  The companys headquarters is now based in Duluth, Georgia.   The Remainder of James  Rittys Life James Ritty opened another saloon  called the Pony House in 1882. For his latest saloon, Ritty commissioned wood carvers from  Barney and Smith Car Company  to turn 5,400 pounds of  Honduras  mahogany  into a bar. The bar was 12 feet tall and 32 feet wide. The initials JR were put into the middle and the saloons interior  was built so that the left and right sections looked like the interior of a passenger railcar, featuring giant mirrors set back about a foot with curved, hand-tooled leather covered elements at the top and curved bezel mirror-encrusted sections on each side. The Pony House saloon was torn down in 1967, but the bar was saved and today is showcased as the bar at Jays Seafood in Dayton. Ritty retired from the saloon business in 1895. He died of heart trouble while at home. He is entombed with his wife Susan and his brother John at Daytons  Woodland Cemetery.

Beauty Within Us All - 1242 Words

Beauty Within Us All When spoken words are no longer able to serve a purpose for expression or communication, people often turn to other means to convey their internal feelings and thoughts. The evolution of various art forms, including theatrical productions, artistic displays, and instrumental melodies have given alternatives to turn to when we as humans seek a different expression to observe ourselves through. Music is regarded notoriously for serving this chief purpose for listeners. With this perspective in mind, Jonny Depp once said, â€Å"Music touches us emotionally, where words alone can t.† In conjunction with the former assertion, music is often recognized for its meditative effect on an individual. Whether a listener is turning to†¦show more content†¦A flashback is given in relation to one of the female individuals first introduced to the viewer where she is seen with a lover in one scene and then unresponsive in a pool of water in the next. An elderly ma n is next seen expressing his farewells to companions before departing on an unknown quest. The scene transitions to two other characters henceforth that are met under a new set of circumstances. The first to make an appearance is a boy nestled on the rooftop of a building. Beneath him he spots a group of armed thieves approaching his dwelling, and he proceeds to sprint down to the ground level of his dwelling, lodging himself into an adjacent crevice. A brief intervention of another man, presumably the homeowner, is shown being held at gunpoint while the prior boy watches nervously. Representative of the reality that many youths experience today, this scene reflects an instant in which a powerless individual stands by as an observer under a scenario that proposes a dire outcome. Being of a ripe, underdeveloped age, the boy is struck with both a sense of paranoia and panic. When children are presented with a situation that intuitively they know will not end well, but do not know ho w to change the impending outcome, their initial reaction is often to panic. However, as with any frightful circumstance, the innate response of fight or flight comes into play and the individual is able to react either one of two ways.

Attachment Theory. Haley Woodley . Texas Woman’S University.

Attachment Theory Haley Woodley Texas Woman’s University Attachment Theory When we were a child we all had something to be attached to rather it was a toy or our parents. Where does this feeling come from or how do we become attached to these certain things? According to Merriam Webster dictionary the meaning of attachment is â€Å"the state of being personally attached or the physical connection by which one thing is attached to another† (Webster, 1828). Attachment is learned when we are infants and taught by our caregivers, they can affect social development and how we treat each gender, attachment can affect our relationships as adults, and attachment can help protect our memories. Attachment in childhood There are four types of†¦show more content†¦Kohuts would say we look for three â€Å"self-object,† mirroring, idealizing, and partnering (Brandell, 2010). These three self-objects are presented in the caregiver and the child picks them up. However, are they equal to attachment or underlying extension to how attachments are formed? Mirroring is when the child performs something great and the caregiver applauses them for it. Idealizing is when the child looks up to their caregiver. Partnering is the child and caregiver becoming friend like (Brandell, 2010). Building attachment with underlying extension of self-objects help with the relationships we have and our social development. The relationships we have with people as we grow up normally reflect the kind of attachment we have with our caregivers. A child’s first experience of attachment is the first time a mother holds her child after being born which would builds an instant attachment and bond between them that is unbreakable (Brandell, 2010). Attachment affect our adult relationships The types of relationships we build as children follow us as adults. Our relationships we have reflect the attachments we grow with our caregivers. Secure attachment allows us to feel physically and emotional stable while the other three attachments allow us to have more social and emotional difficulties in the relationships (Belfiore Pietrowsky, 2017). If you look back you can see what kind of attachment you had with your caregiver

ICT in Construction Industry Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the ICT in Construction Industry. Answer: Introduction ICT is an effective way to integrate all the telecommunications operations running in an organization. The use of ICT is wide in globalization of business and can be effectively used in construction industry as well. ICT provides technologies that help in accessing the information through telecommunication. The use of internet, wireless networks, cell phone and other communication devices is foremost in ICT and these equipments are used to streamline different operations in an organization (Spirit 2014). The report evaluates the use of ICT in a leading construction company of Australia, Lendlease that operates globally with branches across the world. It is one of the largest construction companies in Australia and makes effective use of ICT in spreading their business all over the world. The report further discusses the advantages of using ICT in Lendlease and process in which it is helping the organization to reach a global audience. Many problems can be faced in global implementati on of the business, the use of ICT considerably helps in operating in global as the business might face some challenges of culture and practice (Bacaoanu 2014). The organization operates globally, with its branches spread across New York, Singapore and London. Lendlease have successfully worked in the projects such as Barangaroo south, darling Square, Victoria Harbor and Brisbane showground in Australia. ICT in Construction Industry: Lendlease The importance of using innovative methods in business process is widespread in construction industry. This is needed for increasing the construction efficiency and solves the challenges faced while operating a business globally. Lendlease effectively uses ICT, for enhancing the process and methods of its operations. A construction industry needs proper positioning, design requirements, materials and proper budget constraints for developing a unique project. Lendlease uses ICT as an effective tool for providing the stakeholders of a project, detailed information of the construction delivery processes (Doloi 2012). It is an analytical tool for monitoring and controlling the project progress. The ICT equipments Lendlease used includes computer hardware, software, communication devices and internet that allows easy access and communication both at local and international level. The key advantage of using ICT is that, the major project changes are delivered to the project stakeholders just in time (Change 2014). ICT therefore creates a big integration in Lendlease. The Construction projects undertaken by Lendlease all over the world are unified with the help of ICT (Harris and McCaffer2013). Another major use of ICT in Lendlease is developing a proper design for the construction project. Precise architectural designs have been possible to make with the help of different designing software, the major one being the CAD. The other usage of ICT in Lendlease includes global marketing, production engineering and manufacturing. Lendlease mainly works on construction projects that are designed from the scratch. This includes involvement of lot of people, stakeholders and project team members across the world. The use of information and communication technology helps in connecting the people all over the world. Since the process of data transfer is easier with the implementation of ICT, the project management of the construction projects becomes easier (Fulford and Standing 2014). Why use ICT? With the emergence of ICT the data transparency is easier to maintain. The rapid transmission of data over internet helps in easier management of the project across the world. Lendlease makes effective use of ICT in reduction of overheads. Lendlease is an Australian company with the head office in Sydney. Use of ICT helps the organization in email management and meeting the arrangements (Hosseini et al. 2013). One of the major ICT equipments is extranet that enables the organization in centralizing the electronic documents. This helps Lendlease to work in a collaborative fashion with all the branches across the world. This is a huge step and a move away from the traditional paper based system that allows the organization in operating globally. ICT provides the ability to communicate and manage the project data among the different branches of Lendlease thus acting as a business process system (Akintoye, Goulding and Zawdie 2012). The process of communication using ICT facilitates the data sharing and collaboration of data across the world. This allows the organization in operating globally. The data is managed with engineering integrity. The organization operates a managed data system as a part of ICT. This managed data system helps Lendlease in controlling the project data integrity that includes the reference files, components, cell blocks, models and drawings of a particular project and sharing it with the experts across the world (Tehrani and Shirazi 2014). Use of Mobile Technology in Lendlease The use of mobile technology is prolonged in Lendlease. The mobile technology is the highest priority ICT devices used in the organization. Since Lendlease majorly deals with a large sized construction projects, a switch of many professionals can be seen in a project life cycle (Lendlease.com, 2017). The mobile technology enables immediate communication among the stakeholders easier. Lendlease ensures that every project team members are on same page during the implementation of a project and this is ascertained by ensuring constant communication among the multiple parties associated with the particular project (Kelly, Male and Graham 2014). Furthermore, the use of mobile technology helps the organization in efficient management of their global business. Lendlease ensures that no confusion in communication occurs. Use of mobile email and real time submission of the documents considerably helps achieving zero communication gap among the project members. This reduces the number of reworks and therefore helping the company in occupying a large place in the global market. The preciseness in their construction process helps Lendlease in obtaining a place global market and intelligent use of ICT made it possible to collaborate with all the active business processed across the world. How Lendlease uses ICT? Few examples that cites the effective use of ICT in Lendlease are elaborated below- Access to the real-time information- The use of ICT or more precisely, the use of mobile applications allow the field workers in sharing the documents and project progress in real time. This enables a live monitoring of all the project works that helps in eliminating or reducing any errors associated with the project work. Furthermore, use of mobile technology in the project site enables the workers to request information globally, which in turn saves time and money. Management of project work in a global basis is possible as with the help of mobile technology, the workers are able to submit the daily report via Email, RFIs and other form of communication in real time. The digital record keeping helps in managing the projects that Lendlease undertakes all over the world. The process of record keeping, sharing and receiving is easier with the help of ICT devices that saves a considerable amount of time and money. The ICT devices enable GPS capabilities that enable a project manager to track the project works on site. Furthermore, the real time data sharing and data keeping further helps in documentation that is more accurate. The use of ICT helps in easier integration of the different systems that the company uses (Cheng and Teizer 2013). Lendlease and their global operation The successful implementation and use of ICT in Lendlease have helped them in spreading their business globally. Use of ICT has helped in business integration across the world. It has eroded the barriers of time and space that have helped the organization in making international communication easier. This is because, the use of digital technologies and infrastructure facilitates the acquisition, storage analysis and manipulation and distribution of critical information to the different branches across the world. The information is collected and transmitted across the branches of the organization in a number of ways (Zhang et al. 2013). This includes voice, data, text, video and animation. Other ICT equipments such as webcams, email, DVD, flash memory and hard drives increase the efficiency of the business process in global operation. The human interaction irrespective of time and geographical location has been made possible with the use of ICT. This helps in managing all the construction works taking place across the world under Lendlease through the head office. Therefore, it can be said that ICT encompasses the digital technologies that facilitates the globalization process of Lendlease. Implementation of ICT helps the organization in developing a connected workplace that further helps Lendlease in operating globally. The use of intranet site helps the organization in keeping all the project members in the loop to communicate the new information. Furthermore, the organization maintains a website that helps in global marketing. The website enables the organization in reaching a global audience and increases the value of the organization in the marketplace. The organization uses email as a standard medium of business communication. This enables a smooth communication channel across the organization and helps them in their global operation. This acted as an effective tool for integrating all the operational works while working on the project titled Elephant and Castle in UK. Lendlease works with providing efficient and admirable construction projects. The use of CAD helps in developing flawless engineering drawings that can be shared with the different construction project teams in no time (Lendlease.com, 2017). Furthermore, Lendlease makes use of Building Information Modeling or BIM in developing interactive and 3D designs. All this have been possible due to the use and implementation of ICT in their business processes (Zhang et al. 2013). The use of this ICT tool was significant for successful completion of the International Quarter London project of UK. The use of CAD and 3D modeling has helped in developing this stunningly beautiful project. The major advantage of implementing ICT in Lendlease is that, it increases and promotes the communication process among the people across the world. It helps the different branches of Lendlease that are spread across the world work as a team with the help of an efficient communication system and plan. The use of internet, emails, video chat helps all the branches of the organization in working as a team, which in turn increases the global reach. A major example of successful global reach is construction of Paya Lebar Quarter in Singapore. The efficiency in dealing all the construction process, taking place in all the branches of Lendlease earns it the title of the second largest construction company in Australia (Lendlease.com, 2017). The efficient and planned networking system of Lendlease eliminates the problem for the alliance to exchange and share information among the distant alliance partners. Efficient networking system and internet provides an exceptional opportunity for communication and data exchange among and within the different branches of Lendlease that are spread across the world. This process can be simply defined as the connection between the different computers and digital devices in order to establish digital communication among them (Nourbakhsh et al. 2012). This can be done irrespective of the physical distance and differences in culture, and therefore this helps the organization in operating globally. The leading construction company of Australia is planning to spread its business in few other countries as well. The use of ICT will certainly help the company reaching a wider marketplace. This had helped Lendlease in earning major projects such as Tun Razak Exchange in Kuala Lumpur and project Riverline in United States. Lendlease made the correct usage of the emerging technologies that have considerably helped the organization in reaching a global audience and spreading its business across the world (Keller and Heiko 2014). Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that efficient use of ICT have not only helped Lendlease in integrating their business process in Australia but also helped the organization in operating and global business. Use of mobile technology has considerably helped in streamlining the communication network on a global basis irrespective of the time and geographical limitation. With the advent of ICT, the real time monitoring of the projects gave been possible that increases the quality of the project work. The use of emergent designing software like CAD and real time data sharing has made it possible for Lendlease to deliver quality services to the clients that paves the way for the organization to spread in many other countries across the world. Therefore, it can certainly be said that the role of ICT is huge in making the global operation for Lendlease possible. Apart from this, the use of ICT is widespread in the construction industry across the world due to the adv antages it offers. The use of ICT in Lendlease and the process of business enhancement that has been possible with the appropriate use of ICT are discussed in the report. It gives an insight of the use of ICT in reaching a global audience and spreading the construction business across the world. References Akintoye, A., Goulding, J. and Zawdie, G. eds., 2012.Construction innovation and process improvement. John Wiley Sons. Bacaoanu, A.I., 2014. ICT in Business. Change, I.I.S.O., 2014. ICT in Business. Cheng, T. and Teizer, J., 2013. Real-time resource location data collection and visualization technology for construction safety and activity monitoring applications.Automation in Construction,34, pp.3-15. Doloi, H., 2012. Cost overruns and failure in project management: Understanding the roles of key stakeholders in construction projects.Journal of construction engineering and management,139(3), pp.267-279. Fulford, R. and Standing, C., 2014. Construction industry productivity and the potential for collaborative practice.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.315-326. Harris, F. and McCaffer, R., 2013.Modern construction management. John Wiley Sons. Hosseini, R., Chileshe, N., Zou, J. and Baroudi, B., 2013, February. Approaches of implementing ICT technologies within the construction industry. InAustralasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building-Conference Series(Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 1-12). Keller, J. and Heiko, A., 2014. The influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on future foresight processesResults from a Delphi survey.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,85, pp.81-92. Kelly, J., Male, S. and Graham, D., 2014.Value management of construction projects. John Wiley Sons. Lendlease.com. (2017).Australia Home | Lendlease. [online] Available at: https://www.lendlease.com/au/ [Accessed 26 Oct. 2017]. Nourbakhsh, M., Mohamad Zin, R., Irizarry, J., Zolfagharian, S. and Gheisari, M., 2012. Mobile application prototype for on-site information management in construction industry.Engineering, construction and architectural management,19(5), pp.474-494. Spirit, D.E., 2014. ICT in Business. Tehrani, S.R. and Shirazi, F., 2014, June. Factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing by small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). InInternational Conference on Human Interface and the Management of Information(pp. 631-642). Springer, Cham. Zhang, S., Teizer, J., Lee, J.K., Eastman, C.M. and Venugopal, M., 2013. Building information modeling (BIM) and safety: Automatic safety checking of construction models and schedules.Automation in Construction,29, pp.183-195.

Sensory Evaluation of Sweet Potato Cookies Essay Example

Sensory Evaluation of Sweet Potato Cookies Essay Data in sensory evaluation were analyzed using Friedman Two-way Analysis of Variance and data on the proximate composition of the control and the most acceptable treatment were analyzed using independent t -test. Results of the study were summarized as follows The result of the sensory evaluation of sweet potato cookies in terms of appearance. Treatment 2 and treatment 3 got the highest mean of 3. 75 with corresponding mean ranks of 3. 48 and 3. 35 respectively were comparable and quantitatively described as appealing. Treatment 5 was found to be the least among treatments in terms of mean rating and rated as interdepartmentally. In terms of odor, the comparison of mean ranks further indicates that the most superior among treatments was Treatment 1 (all purpose flour), quantitatively described as very pleasant. In terms f taste, all treatments were similar, quantitatively described as tasty. In terms of texture, Treatment 1 (control) was ranked the lowest among Treatments and rated as slightly coarse and Treatment 3 ranked as highest, quantitatively described as fine. N terms of general acceptability, Treatment 5 was significantly ranked the lowest among Treatments and it was rated as like moderately. Treatment 3, was found to be the most acceptable among Treatments. In terms of proximate composition, the result of analysis in terms of protein content in control was 9. 37% and in the most acceptable treatment was. 4%; the result revealed that the control has the highest protein content. In terms of crude fat, the most acceptable treatment got the highest mean value of 21. 015 compare to control with the 16. 90, this indicate that the most acceptable treatment has crude fat significantly higher than that of control. In terms of ash, the most acceptable treatment got the highest mean value of 1. 260 compare to control with 0. 805, this indicate that the most acceptable treatment has an ash significantly higher than that of control. In terms of moisture content, the this indicates that the moisture content between the two treatments could be memorable. In terms of cost analysis , the most acceptable treatment (TO) would cost 426. 16. Conclusion The results on sensory evaluation showed that there was a significant difference in odor and taste. We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Evaluation of Sweet Potato Cookies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Evaluation of Sweet Potato Cookies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Evaluation of Sweet Potato Cookies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, in terms of appearance and general acceptability, there was no significant difference found among the Treatments. Thus, it is concluded that the proportion of sweet potato flour that was added in every treatment affects the characteristics of sweet potato cookies but not on appearance and general acceptability. The proximate composition of sweet potato cookies in terms of crude fat, ash and gesture content was significantly higher than control and in terms of protein content; the percentage of control was higher than the most acceptable treatment. Cookies with 50% sweet potato flour and 50% all purpose flour was not that economical but it is more nutritious than a commercialese cookies because it contains high level of fiber and a low gluten cookies. Based on the analysis and results, it is recommended that to conduct crude fiber analysis to determined the fiber content and to developed new products using sweet potato flour like muffins, Jams and as a food thickeners for soups.